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Statistical Application in R & Python: Normal Probability Distribution

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Statistical Application in R & Python: Normal Probability Distribution

Gauss, the famous French Mathematician is responsible for developing one of the most significant distributions in all of statistics, i.e. – The Normal Distribution. Please refer to the blog on Central Limit Theorem: www.dexlabanalytics.com/blog/the-almighty-central-limit-theorem. It will help you fully grasp the significance of the Normal Distribution. However, if you want to revisit our series of blogs by following it from the start, you can reach STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R & PYTHON: CHAPTER 1 – MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY right now!

Essentially, the Normal Distribution provides “approximations” to most other distributions such as the Binomial, Poisson, Gamma, Exponential, etc. This is to say as sample sizes get statistically large enough, most distributions approximate into a normal shaped curve.

Every distribution has important features known as its “parameters”. Normal distribution has two parameters. These are Mean ( ) and Variance (σ²). The normal distribution has a bell-shaped curve, where the probability of likelihood peaks at its mean in the middle.

The Normal Distribution has vast practical applications in the field of Business, Finance, Medicine, and Physics and so on. Things like weights, heights, IQ scores follow the Normal Distribution.

Normal Distribution, Gaussian distribution, is a continuous probability distribution and is defined by the Probability Density Function (PDF).

Where,

Application:

Assume that the credit score fits a Normal Distribution.

Suppose Mr. Arjun’s last 10 month’s credit score are:

789, 635, 739, 687, 724, 810, 817, 735, 819, 820

What is the probability that the percentage of credit score will 825 or more in the 11th month?

Months

Credit Score

January

789

February

635

March

739

April

687

May

724

June

810

July

817

August

735

September

819

October

820

 

Calculating Normal Distribution in R:

If we go to calculate Normal Probability Distribution in R, we can predict that the probability of the 11th month credit score will be 825 or greater than that is 14.60%, whereas in another case, the probability of the 11th month credit score will be 825 or less than that is 85.40%.

Calculate Normal Distribution in Python:

Make a data frame of the data and calculate Mean and Standard Deviation for calculate Normal Distribution.

Now, we can easily calculate Normal Distribution in Python

So, in calculating the Normal Probability Distribution in Python, we can predict that the probability of the 11th month credit score will be 825 or greater than that is 14.60%, whereas in another case, the probability of the 11th month credit score will be 825 or less than that is 85.40%.

Conclusion:

Normal Distribution is used for calculating parameters. It is represented by the bell curve, where the total area of the curve is 1. Normal Distribution has its use in Finance, Business, Salaries, Blood Pressures, Measurement etc and many other fields.

Here, we have used Normal Distribution to predict Mr. Arjun’s 11th month credit score, and set the target (825). By Normal Distribution we can predict the percentage of possibility to achieve the target.

Calculating Binomial Distribution might be tricky for many but with Dexlab Analytics it won’t be hassle anymore. So, get hold of our STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R AND PYTHON: CALCULATING BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION blog, to get around all your problems.

 

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Retail 4.0: How Trending Technologies Are Influencing the Retail Industry?

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Retail 4.0: How Trending Technologies Are Influencing the Retail Industry?

The retail industry is undergoing unprecedented changes: courtesy Retail 4.0! It is the term used to denote the transformation that’s taking place at a rapid pace. Technological advancements and customer expectation are key driving factors behind the evolution.

Customers are the bedrock of the retail industry. They are fickle and demanding. With higher spending power and low brand loyalty, they are redefining the consumer trends and forcing retailers to harness the power of big data to ensure a seamless, positive customer experience coupled more secure payment methods and easier online store formats.

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Data is Power

For years, retailers have been working on consumer’s behavior and how to serve them well. Today, amidst increasing competition, data explosion and advanced technological implementations, they seem to lose their erstwhile charm. Data is the answer. In a digital-enabled landscape, retail industry players need to leverage several emerging technologies, such as augmented reality, virtual reality, mixed reality, AI and Internet of Things and draw clear actionable insights.

Gone are the days when retailers relied on their instincts and formulated marketing strategies. Today, predictive analytics is used to boost informed decision-making and conclude the future success of an enterprise. Put simply, retail analytics using Python is the tool to drive optimization, follow corrective measures and reduce revenue leakage. With data at the forefront, retail analytics and its diverse platforms are providing customers with relevant products, superior service and the facility to experience the products even before purchase.

How Does It Work?

Retail analytics targets customer acquisition and focuses on customer study. Through data analysis, the retailers ascertain buying patterns and curated customer engagement strategies. For that, deep insights are generated based on their search criteria, purchase records and frequency of shopping.

Also, retailers can now predict demand precisely. Based on a customer’s historical data, they anticipate when he/she is likely to make a purchase decision and within what duration of time. They can also predict the products the customers are going to re-purchase with the help of AI. Robust machine learning algorithms deliver insights that specify accurate customer recommendations, which help increase retailers’ profit margin.

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Understanding the nuances of consumer behavior is of utmost importance. This is why IoT and AI are combined and used in monitoring customer-store interactions – resulting in better service engagements and higher revenue. Social media has added to the effect. Extracting user information from social media platforms has become a piece of cake. Retail market players can now leverage the social media data, influence customer purchase decisions and enjoy a certain edge against the tailing rivals.

As endnotes, retailers need to embrace the digital transformation and create fresh, enhanced experiences to entice the consumers. After all, the future belongs to the data-inspired companies. So, just stay ahead of the curve using data as the power tool.

 

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Python vs. Scala: Which is Better for Data Analytics?

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Python vs. Scala: Which is Better for Data Analytics?

Data Science and Analytics seem to be synonymous to progress as far as the field of computer science is concerned. Now, with the rise of these technologies, everything goes down to the programming languages, which single-handedly help in the growth of them. 

This gave rise to Python, now known as the most significant language in the world of technology. Scala is another versatile language which is not unknown to the researchers and tech geeks. These two languages are the most talked about in the industry today. Nevertheless, both of them are extensively used in data analytics and data science. However, the debate regarding which one to opt for among the two has always been constant. But worry no longer because here we will discuss both of them, in brief, to help you with your choice!

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Python

Python is really one of the most popular languages in the industry. The open-source nature of the language makes it a popular choice for scripting and automation works. 

Besides, Python is powerful, effective, and easy to learn. Moreover, Neural Network Machine learning Python boasts of its efficient high-level data structures and for object-oriented programming.

Advantages

  • Easy to learn and effective too.
  • Exhaustive support from active communities.
  • Python enjoys built-in support for the datatypes.

Disadvantages

  • Your computer might slow down a little when you are running Python. This is in contrast to when you are running other languages like C or Java.

Scala

If you want an object-oriented, functional programming language, then Scala would certainly be your first choice. It was basically built for the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and remains the most compatible programming language with Java code till date.

Advantages

  • Scala can utilise the majority of the JVM libraries, thus helping them to be embedded in the enterprise code.
  • It shares an array of readable syntax features of the popular languages, like Ruby.
  • Scala brags about numerous incredible features like string comparison advancements, pattern matching and its likes.

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Disadvantages

  • Scala has a limited number of users in the communities, which encourages lesser interactions and stunted growth.
  • At times the type-information in Scala is really complex to comprehend. This difficulty can be attributed to the functional and object-oriented nature of the language.

We hope that this article helps you to have a brief insight into two of the most demanding programming languages: Python and Scala.

Now, if you want to enrol yourself in Computer vision course Python, you can reach us right at Dexlab Analytics, the most reputable institute for Big Data Analytics. Also, if you are looking for all-inclusive Deep learning for computer vision Course, turn no further than our premium institute to shoot your career up!

 

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Straight Out of College? Grasp These Killer Data Science Skills

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Straight Out of College? Grasp These Killer Data Science Skills

Data Science is one of the most demanding fields in the present world. Going hand in hand with the Artificial Intelligence, Data Science is showing a colossal growth in the coming years. So, honestly speaking, you should be prepared with all of the cutting-edge tools and up skill yourself accordingly to pace up with the modern world.

According to Derek Steer, CEO of Mode, the world will generate 50 times more data than what we were present in 2011. Moreover, with the data processing power becoming easy and inexpensive for most of the firms, candidates with real skill and a hunger for knowledge would only see their way through till the end, added Steer.

Among various other skills like retail analytics using Python, neural network machine learning Python, which are dominating and/or expected to rule the world of technology in the upcoming years, here we list you some of them:

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Data Visualization

This is one of the top notch skills that you can find now. It is process of maintaining data with the help of graphical representations. This further makes the interpretation and thereby, the comprehension of data, much easier.

This is an extremely relevant skill which is not to be found among the high schoolers. This makes the undergraduates or post graduates with the knowhow of data visualisation all the more important everywhere.

Data Modelling

Data Modelling is the second most wanted skill that the entire world is seeking for. In a nutshell, Data Modelling is the process of understanding and using data to seek relationships across varied sets of information.

It is, in fact, a skill which is gaining an immense popularity among the fresh graduates. You can also reach Dexlab Analytics to gain an insight of all the industry relevant courses and enrol yourself asap to speed up your career!

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Python

Python is undoubtedly the most demanding language ever in the history of computer science; hence, it enjoys all the attention that it gets.

With its welcoming nature to every other architecture, which is in sharp contradiction to Java and C++, Python is preferred all the way. Secondly, Python is quite a powerful language and effective too, when it comes to bulk data and a need to process them faster.

It is basically an open source program which is easy accessible and largely customised. This is really a gift for upcoming world of Data Science. Thus, Python for data analysis is an invaluable skill that you can develop to make yourself marketable like never before.

We hope you liked our post! You can Take A Deep Look On How Machine Learning Boosts Business Growth! and more such topics on our website.

 

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Statistical Application in R and Python: Calculating Binomial Distribution

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Statistical Application in R and Python: Calculating Binomial Distribution

In this blog, we will take a look at the Binomial distribution. This blog is among the series of blogs through which you’ll have a vivid idea of the Statistical Application using R and Python. Statistical Application In R & Python: Chapter 1 – Measure Of Central Tendency is the first of such blogs.

The binomial distribution is an extension of the Bernoulli distribution. In Bernoulli, we have only one parameter, i.e. the probability of success.

Now, consider a case where we have “n” number of trials and we want to predict the probability of success from it. This is the Binomial case.

Binomial distribution has two parameters, i.e.: number of trails (n) AND probability of success (p). The mean of the binomial is a product of its two parameters, i.e. n multiplied by p. It is a discrete probability distribution. Here, each trial is assumed to have only two outcomes, either success or failure.

If X be a discrete random variable (taking only non-negative values), it is said to be following binomial distributions with a probability mass function as:-


Application:

A food shop starts a offer for a festive season, They have 12 different baskets, each basket has 5 combos and only 1 of them is non-veg. Find the probability of having 4 or less non-veg combos, if a consumer tries every combos at random.

Since, only 1 out of 5 combos is non-veg, the probability of choose a non-veg combos by random is 1/5 = 0.2

Calculate Binomial Distribution in R:

In R the probability of one non-veg combos choose by random in 5 is 13.28%, whereas the probability of four or less combos choose by random in a twelve baskets is 92.44%

Calculate Binomial Distribution in Python:

In Python the probability of one non-veg combos choose by random in 5 is 16.66%.

Conclusion:-

Binomial Distribution is the process by which we can calculate the probability of success from “n” number of trails. In Binomial Distribution we can find only two outcomes like “Yes” or “No”.

Dexlab Analytics is a pioneering institute of Data Science, with peerless trainers to help you ease your journey with Python Certification, R Programming Certification and Big Data Certification along with numerous other advanced and/or career oriented courses in Computer Science.

 

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Statistical Application of R & Python: Know Skewness & Kurtosis and Calculate it Effortlessly

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Statistical Application of R & Python: Know Skewness & Kurtosis and Calculate it Effortlessly

This is a blog which shall widen your approach on the Statistical Application using R & Python. You perhaps already have been calculating Geometric Mean using R & Python and are already aware of the Application of Harmonic Mean using R & Python. However, if you are eager to further your knowledge about Skewness & Kurtosis and interested to know of their application using R and Python, then this is the right place.

Skewness:

Skewness is a metric which tells us about the location of my dataset. That is, if you want to know where most of the values are concentrated on an ascending scale.

Skewness is of two kinds: Positive skew and Negative skew. A positively skewed dataset will have most of the values concentrated at the beginning of the scale. Eg: If a woman is asked to rate 100 tinder profiles based on the looks on a scale of 1 – 10, 1 being the ugliest and 10 being the most handsome. Then the resulting ratings will be positively skewed. This is to say that women are harsh critiques of looks.

Now, consider another example: Say if the wealth of the 1% richest people were to be plotted on a scale of say $0 – $200 billion. Then, most of the values will be concentrated at the end of the scale. This will be an example of a negatively skewed dataset.

In essence, skewness is the third central moment about mean and gives us a feel for the location of the data set values. It is recommended to go through STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R & PYTHON: CHAPTER 1 – MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY to have an understanding of the Central Tendency and its measures. Having no skewness will mean the data set is fairly symmetrical and has a bell shaped curve.

Where n is the sample size, Xi is the ith X value, X is the average and S is the sample standard deviation.  Note the exponent in the summation.  It is “3”.

Kurtosis:

Kurtosis is a statistical measure that’s used to describe, or Skewness, of observed data around the mean, sometimes referred to as the volatility to volatility. Kurtosis is used generally in the statistical field to describe trends in charts. Kurtosis can be present in a chart with fat tails and a low, even distribution, as well as be present in a chart with skinny tails and a distribution concentrated toward the mean.

Kurtosis for a normal distribution is 3.  Most software packages use the formula:


The types of kurtosis are:-


Application:

A person tries to analyze last 12months interest rate of the investment firm to understand the risk factor for the future investment.

The interest rates are:

12.05%, 13%, 11%, 18%, 10%, 11.5%, 15.08%, 21%, 6%, 8%, 13.2%, 7.5%.

Here is the table:

Months

(One Year)

Interest

Rate (%)

April12.05
May13
June11
July18
August10
September11.5
October15.08
November21
December6
January8
February13.2
March7.5


Calculate skewness & Kurtosis in R:

Calculate skewness & Kurtosis in R:
Calculating the Skewness & Kurtosis of interest rate in R, we get the positive skewed value, which is near to 0. The skewness of the interest rate is 0.5585253.

The kurtosis of the interest rate is 2.690519

Kurtosis is less than 3, so this is Platykurtic distribution.

Calculate Skewness & Kurtosis in Python:

Calculate Skewness & Kurtosis in Python:
Calculate Skewness & Kurtosis in Python:
Calculating the Skewness & Kurtosis of interest rate in Python, we get the positive skewed value and near from 0. The skewness of the interest rate is 0.641697.

The kurtosis of the interest rate is 0.241602.

Kurtosis is less than 3, so this is Platykurtic distribution.

Conclusion:

Firstly, according to the output of the data the value is positively skewed(R & Python), positive skewness indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values.

And the kurtosis is less than 3 (R & Python), it is a platykurtic distribution. Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked distribution. And the distribution is light tails.

Secondly, the value of the skewness and kurtosis are different in R and Python, but the actual effects are more or less the same. The results are different because skewness and kurtosis are calculated with different formulae or method for the measurement like Bowley’s measure, Pearson’s(First, Second) measures, Fisher’s measure & Moment’s measure. And different software (ex. R, Python, SAS, Excel etc) using different processes to calculate skewness & kurtosis brings the same ultimate result. The numerical values change only when the numbers are also changed. So, we sometimes get different results.

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There are numerous other blogs that you can follow with Dexlab Analytics. Also, if you want to explore computer vision course Python, neural network machine learning Python and more extensive courses on R & Python, then you can also join us and boost both your passion and career.

 

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Hacking is Wide and Dangerous in India, CBI Reports

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Hacking is Wide and Dangerous in India, CBI Reports

The recent conference organized by the Central Bureau of Investigation on Cyber forensic notes that over 22,000 websites were hacked in India between April 2017 – Jan 2018. Not the best of the news for the nation which is largely counting on their citizens to be tech-savvy.

In the conference, CBI disclosed of its plans to build a cutting edge Centralised Technology Vertical (CTV) to fight crimes, voiced by Minister of State for Personnel, Jitendra Singh. The CTV is a huge project involving around Rs 99 crore, which will not only share the real-time information about the cyber attacks but also of the perpetrators.

From young superintendents of police to top brass of security agencies, police forces, law enforcement officers and the Intelligence attended this conference and discussed about the alarming rise of cybercrimes throughout the country.

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The Major Issue

Jurisdictional issues were a main problem and hit greatly on the investigation in these cases because most of the incidents of cybercrimes are triggered from foreign lands. Though the total loss of money from the recent cybercrimes weren’t disclosed, some debilitating cases in cybercrimes were dicussed once again, which included the loss of USD 171 million from union Bank of India’s Swift.

To End it

To lessen the magnitude of the cybercrimes, the CBI is on their way towards reinforcing them with the state of the art technology. Besides, you can also take up courses in PHP, HTML, Python Certification Training in Delhi, to be informed of the trending languages and be future proof.

 

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Take a Deep Look on How Machine Learning Boosts Business Growth!

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Take a Deep Look on How Machine Learning Boosts Business Growth!

Machine Learning is the technology of the future and the rise of it is, well, shocking! Numerous businesses have already started adopting Machine Learning into their business strategy which is ultimately culminating towards their growth. You can also get the most of Machine Learning by going for the best Machine Learning course in India without wasting hours on the internet.

This new and improving technology is showing marked results in making a particular business more efficient, enhancing customer relationships and driving more sales than ever. You can get right on to Machine Learning Significantly Aids in Improving the Business Performance: Learn the Hows and learn about Machine Learning and its rising curve.

Here we have decided to discuss in details about the ways how Machine Learning is helping business touch great heights:

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Natural Language

One of the major setbacks in the industry of computer science was the inability of computers to comprehend our natural language or the way we speak in our everyday life. This is slowly changing with the rapid growth and considerable research and development on Machine Learning. 

It looks like we have come a long way from the crude search terms that we used to generate the results that we wanted. The AI-driven programs of now, with the help of Machine Learning, can figure out the essence of our conversations and also capitalizing largely on the nuances of our language. Most importantly, they learn from past experiences, which is highly progressive.

Logistics

The retail industry and that of logistics are largely relying on Python for Data Analysis and this in turn, is making them future-proof.

Retail giants like Amazon are encouraging the use of Machine Learning to sharpen the efficiency of their company with new features and technology like “anticipatory shopping” protocol. Retail analytics using Python is becoming formidable.

Even in the field of logistics, the inclusion of Machine Learning is proving a boon!

Manufacturing Industry

Innumerable manufacturing companies are adopting the budding technology of Machine Learning and utilizing it in almost every stage of production, simply because the AI-driven technology reduces unnecessary expenses. 

Companies like Seebo, are taking up Python seriously to build accurate data analytics software. Moreover, machine learning is estimated to cut down on the delivery times by 30% and surprisingly save fuel by 12%. According to the reports, the programs fed on AI would even reduce the maintenance costs by 20 – 30%.

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Consumer Data

We have already seen a world of data collection which has been on a rise for years. Now, finally, with the rise of machine learning, the companies are looking forward to making some use of all these data that they have accumulated. In the coming years, we will see AI improving powered by Machine Learning to make the world productive and smart all the more.

You can take a look at A DISCUSSION ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: KNOWING AI CLOSELY if you are interested in AI. Stay glued to our website for more updates and information from the world of technology!

 

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Calculating the Standard Deviation Using R & Python

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Calculating the Standard Deviation Using R & Python

When it comes to summarizing the data, standard deviation (σ) is the value which tells us about the spread of the data. More specifically, it gives information about the dispersion of each observation from the mean of the data. Now, if you are interested in understanding Mean and knowing how to calculate it, then we have shown you in CALCULATING GEOMETRIC MEAN USING R AND PYTHON And APPLICATION OF HARMONIC MEAN USING R AND PYTHON.

Thus, in essence standard deviation gives us valuable information about the robustness of the mean. The deviation is in both positive and negative direction of the mean.

Therefore, it is desirable for the standard deviation to be a low value in comparison to the mean. This would indicate a smaller spread.

Mathematically speaking, standard deviation is known as the second moment about Mean. Variance is standard deviation squared. The variance does not have any mathematical significance on its own. Think of the variance as a mere mathematical maneuver.

The formula for the Variance is:

Application:

An investor wants to calculate the Standard Deviation experience by his investment portfolio in last 12 months (Year 2017-2018).  The returns are:-

Month (Year 2017-18)

Returns (%)

April

12%

May

10%

June

-8%

July

4%

August

12.25%

September

18%

October

13%

November

-9%

December

-4%

January

3%

February

9%

March

11.05%

Calculate Standard Deviation in R:

Examining the Standard Deviation of the investment portfolio returns of a year in R, we get the deviation = 8.803533 or, 8.81% (Approx).

Calculate Standard Deviation in Python:

First, create a Data Frame in Python.

Now, calculate Standard Deviation of the returns,

Examining the Standard Deviation of the investment portfolio returns of a year in Python, we get the deviation = 8.803533209439092 or, 8.81% (Approx)

Standard Deviation is a key part of calculating margins of errors.

Standard deviation shows the variation from the mean. A low standard deviation indicates that the observations (series of number) are very close to the mean. A high standard deviation indicates that the observations (series of numbers) are spread out over a large range.

In this data the mean of the returns is 5.95%, and standard deviation is 8.81% which is close to the mean. So, the deviation of the data is low.

Thus, the investor now knows that the returns of his portfolio fluctuate by approximately 8.81% month-over-month. The information can be used to modify the portfolio to better the investor’s attitude towards risk. If the investor is risk-loving and is comfortable with investing in higher-risk, higher-return securities and can tolerate a higher standard deviation, he/she may consider adding in some small-cap stocks or high-yield bonds. Conversely, an investor who is more risk-averse may not be comfortable with this standard deviation and would want to add in safer investments such as large-cap stocks or mutual funds.

Endnotes

This article will surely help you to figure out the standard deviation with R and Python. However, if you want to have a general idea about Central tendency, about Mean, Median and Mode, then go through our blog on STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R & PYTHON: CHAPTER 1 – MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY.

For all other information about us and our courses, Dexlab Analytics is there with you. You can also follow us on Facebook and LinkedIn and go through our blogs to stay updated always.

 

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