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Top Six Applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Top Six Applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Words are all around us – in the form of spoken language, texts, sound bytes and even videos. The world would have been a chaotic place had it not been for words and languages that help us communicate with each other.

Now, if we were to enhance language with the attributes of artificial intelligence, we would be working with what is known as Natural Language Processing or NLP – the confluence of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics.

In other words, “NLP is the machine’s ability to process what was said to it, structure the information received, determine the necessary response and respond in a language that we understand”.

Here is a list of popular applications of NLP in the modern world.

1. Machine Translation

When a machine translates from one language to another, “we deal with “Machine” Translation. The idea behind MT is simple — to develop computer algorithms to allow automatic translation without any human intervention. The best-known application is probably Google Translate.”

2. Voice and Speech Recognition

Though voice recognition technology has been around for 50 years, it is only in the last few decades, owing to NLP, have scientists achieved significant success in the field. “Now we have a whole variety of speech recognition software programs that allow us to decode the human voice,”be it in mobile telephony, home automation, hands-free computing, virtual assistance and video games.

3. Sentiment Analysis

“Sentiment analysis (also known as opinion mining or emotion AI) is an interesting type of data mining that measures the inclination of people’s opinions. The task of this analysis is to identify subjective information in the text”. Companies use sentiment analysis to keep abreast of their reputation and customer satisfaction.

4. Question Answering

Question-Answering concerns building systems that “automatically answer questions posed by humans in a natural language”. The real examples of Question-Answering applications are: Siri, OK Google, chat boxes and virtual assistants.

5. Automatic Summarization

Automatic Summarization is the process of creating a short, accurate, and fluent summary of a longer text document. The most important advantage of using a summary is it reduces the time taken to read a piece of text. Here are some applications – Aylien Text Analysis, MeaningCloud Summarization, ML Analyzer, Summarize Text and Text Summary.

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6. Chatbots

Chatbots currently operate on several channels like the Internet, web applications and messaging platforms. “Businesses today are interested in developing bots that can not only understand a person but also communicate with him at one level”.

While such applications celebrate the use of NLP in modern computing, there are some glitches that arise in systems that cannot be ignored. “The very nature of human natural language makes some NLP tasks difficult…For example, the task of automatically detecting sarcasm, irony, and implications in texts has not yet been effectively solved. NLP technologies still struggle with the complexities inherent in elements of speech such as similes and metaphors.”

To know more, do take a look at the DexLab Analytics website. DexLab Analytics is a premiere institute that trains professionals in NLP deep learning classification in Delhi.

 


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Automation is to Highly Impact the Knowledge Workers

Automation is to Highly Impact the Knowledge Workers

Automation will mainly target the knowledge workers, who are highly paid and educated and involved in thinking and analytical jobs.

The robot revolution is anticipated for quite some time now and with the ongoing advancements in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, the future is near. However, it is also one of the most dreaded events for the workers going forward, who would be vulnerable to losing their respective jobs.

Going back to the 2017 McKinsey study, around 50% of the jobs in the manufacturing industries are automatable using the latest technology. However, according to the latest report, the white-collar workers, who are well-read and engaged in thinking and analytical jobs, are more likely to suffer the most.

According to a new study conducted by Michael Webb, Stanford University Economist, the powerful technologies of computer science like Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, which can make human-like decisions and grow using real-time data, will eventually target the white-collar workers. Artificial Intelligence has already made marked intrusions in the white-collar jobs, like telemarketing, which are primarily overseen by the bots. However, with the tireless efforts of the Data Scientists, along with the expansion of the Machine Learning course in India, it is believed to oust the majority of the knowledge workers, like chemical engineers, market researchers, market analysts, physicists, librarians and more.

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The new research focuses on the intersecting subject-noun pairs in AI patents and job descriptions to find out the jobs that will be heavily affected by the Ai technology. For example, the job descriptions of market research analysts comprise of “data analysis”, “identifying markets” and “track market trends”, which are in fact, all covered by the AI patents that are existing. This new study looks far more progressive than the previous ones because it analyzes patents for the technology which are yet to develop completely.

With the rising trends of Data Science and Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence has really come a long way from what an imaginary concept. Thus, courses like Machine Learning Using Python and Python for Data Analysis, are in heavy demands. 

 

This article has been sourced fromwww.vox.com/recode/2019/11/20/20964487/white-collar-automation-risk-stanford-brookings

 

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Python Statistics Fundamentals: How to Describe Your Data? (Part I)

Python Statistics Fundamentals: How to Describe Your Data?

Statistics is a branch of mathematics which deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of masses of numerical data. Statistics is a tool used to communicate our understanding of data. It helps us understand the world better, make assertions, and communicate our confidence in the statements we are making.

Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis:

  1. Descriptive statistics: This method is used to summarize data from a sample using measures such as the mean or standard deviation
  2. Inferential statistics: With this method, you can conclude data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling variation).

This article is about the descriptive statistics which are used to describe and summarize the datasets. We are also going to see the available Python libraries to get those numerical quantities.

This whole topic will be covered in a series of two blogs. This first blog is about the types of measures in descriptive statistics. Furthermore, we will also see the built-in Python “Statistics” library, which has a relatively small number of the most important statistics functions.

Descriptive statistics can be defined as the measures that summarize a given data, and these measures can be broken down further into the measures of central tendency and the measures of dispersion. Measures of central tendency include mean, median, and the mode, while the measures of dispersion include standard deviation and variance.

We will cover the following topics in descriptive statistics:

  • Measures of Central Tendency
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
  • Measures of Dispersion
  1. Variation
  2. Standard Deviation

First, we need to import the Python statistics module.

Mean

The arithmetic mean is the sum of data divided by the number of data-points. It is a measure of the central location of data in a set of values that vary in range. In Python, we usually do this by dividing the sum of given numbers with the count of the number present. Python mean function can be used to calculate the mean/average of the given list of numbers. It returns the mean of the data set passed as parameters.

mean( ): Arithmetic mean (“average”) of data.

harmonic_mean( ): It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data (say for three numbers a, b and c, 1/mean = 3/(1/a + 1/b + 1/c)).

Median

median( ): Median or middle value of data is calculated as the mean of middle two. When the number of data points is odd, the middle data point is returned. The median is a robust measure of a central location and is less affected by the presence of outliers in your data compared to the mean.

median_low( ): Low median of data is calculated when the number of data points is odd. Here the middle value is usually returned. When it is even, the smaller of the two middle values is returned.

median_high( ): High median of data is calculated when the number of data points is odd. Here, the middle value is usually returned. When it is even, the larger of the two middle values is returned.

Mode

mode( ): Mode (most common value) of discrete data. The mode (when it exists) is the most typical value and is a robust measure of central location.

Measures of Dispersion

Measures of dispersion are statistics that describe how data varies, usually relative to the typical value. While measures of centre give us an idea of the typical value, measures of spread give us a sense of how much the data tends to diverge from the typical value.

These following functions (from the statistics module in python) calculate a measure of how much the population or sample tends to deviate from the typical or average values.

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Population Variance

pvariance( ): Returns the population variance of data. Use this function to calculate the variance from the entire population. To estimate the variance from a sample, the variance ( ) function is usually a better choice. When called with the entire population, this gives the population variance σ². When called on a sample instead, this is the biased sample variance s², also known as variance with N degrees of freedom.

Population Standard Deviation

pstdev( ): Return the population standard deviation (the square root of the population variance)

Sample Variance

variance ( ): Returns the sample variance of data, an iterable of at least two real-valued numbers. Variance, or second moment about the mean, is a measure of the variability (spread or dispersion) of data. A large variance indicates that the data is spread out; a small variance indicates it is clustered closely around the mean. If the optional second argument is given to the function, it should be the mean of data. This is the sample variance s² with Bessel’s correction, also known as variance with N-1 degrees of freedom.

Sample Standard Deviation

stdev( ): Returns the sample standard deviation (the square root of the sample variance)

Conclusion

So, this article focuses on describing and summarizing the datasets, also helping you to calculate numerical quantities in Python. It’s possible to get descriptive statistics with pure Python code, but that’s rarely necessary. In the next series of this blog we will see the Python statistics libraries which are comprehensive, popular, and widely used especially for this purpose.


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Decoding Advanced Loss Functions in Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Guide

Decoding Advanced Loss Functions in Machine Learning: A Comprehensive Guide

Every Machine Learning algorithm (Model) learns by the process of optimizing the loss functions. The loss function is a method of evaluating how accurate the given prediction is made. If predictions are off, then loss function will output a higher number. If they’re pretty good, it’ll output a lower number. If someone makes changes in the algorithm to improve the model, loss function will show the path in which one should proceed.

Machine Learning is growing as fast as ever in the age we are living, with a host of comprehensive Machine Learning course in India pacing their way to usher the future. Along with this, a wide range of courses like Machine Learning Using Python, Neural Network Machine Learning Python is becoming easily accessible to the masses with the help of Machine Learning institute in Gurgaon and similar institutes.

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We are having different types of loss functions.

  • Regression Loss Functions
  • Binary Classification Loss Functions
  • Multi-class Classification Loss Functions

Regression Loss Functions

  1. Mean Squared Error
  2. Mean Absolute Error
  3. Huber Loss Function

Binary Classification Loss Functions

  1. Binary Cross-Entropy
  2. Hinge Loss

Multi-class Classification Loss Functions

  1. Multi-class Cross Entropy Loss
  2. Kullback Leibler Divergence Loss

Mean Squared Error

Mean squared error is used to measure the average of the squared difference between predictions and actual observations. It considers the average magnitude of error irrespective of their direction.

This expression can be defined as the mean value of the squared deviations of the predicted values from that of true values. Here ‘n’ denotes the total number of samples in the data.

Mean Absolute Error

Absolute Error for each training example is the distance between the predicted and the actual values, irrespective of the sign.

MAE = | y-f(x) |

Absolute Error is also known as the L1 loss. The MAE cost is more robust to outliers as compared to MSE.

Huber Loss

Huber loss is a loss function used in robust regression. This is less sensitive to outliers in data than the squared error loss. The Huber loss function describes the penalty incurred by an estimation procedure f. Huber (1964) defines the loss function piecewise by:

This function is quadratic for small values of a, and linear for large values, with equal values and slopes of the different sections at the two points where |a|= 𝛿. The variable “a” often refers to the residuals, that is to the difference between the observed and predicted values a=y-f(x), so the former can be expanded to: –

Binary Classification Loss Functions

Binary classifications are those predictive modelling problems where examples are assigned one of two labels.

Binary Cross-Entropy

Cross-Entropy is the loss function used for binary classification problems. It is intended for use with binary classification.

Mathematically, it is the preferred loss function under the inference framework of maximum likelihood. Cross-entropy will calculate a score that summarizes the average difference between the actual and predicted probability distributions for predicting class 1. The score is minimized and a perfect cross-entropy value is 0.

Hinge Loss

The hinge loss function is popular with Support Vector Machines (SVMs). These are used for training the classifiers,

l(y) = max(0, 1- t•y)

where ‘t’ is the intended output and ‘y’ is the classifier score.

Hinge loss is convex function but is not differentiable which reduces its options for minimizing with few methods.

Multi-Class Classification Loss Functions

Multi-Class classifications are those predictive modelling problems where examples are assigned one of more than two classes.

Multi-Class Cross-Entropy

Cross-Entropy is the loss function used for multi-class classification problems. It is intended for use with multi-class classification.

Mathematically, it is the preferred loss function under the inference framework of maximum likelihood. Cross-entropy will calculate a score that summarizes the average difference between the actual and predicted probability distributions for all classes. The score is minimized and a perfect cross-entropy value is 0.

Kullback Leibler Divergence Loss

KL divergence is a natural way to measure the difference between two probability distributions.

A KL divergence loss of 0 suggests the distributions are identical. In practice, the behaviour of KL Divergence is very similar to cross-entropy. It calculates how much information is lost (in terms of bits) if the predicted probability distribution is used to approximate the desired target probability distribution.

There are also some advanced loss functions for machine learning models which are used for specific purposes.

  1. Robust Bi-Tempered Logistic Loss based on Bregman Divergences
  2. Minimax loss for GANs
  3. Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection
  4. Intersection over Union (IoU)-balanced Loss Functions for Single-stage Object Detection
  5. Boundary loss for highly unbalanced segmentation
  6. Perceptual Loss Function

Robust Bi-Tempered Logistic Loss based on Bregman Divergences

In this loss function, we introduce a temperature into the exponential function and replace the softmax output layer of the neural networks by a high-temperature generalization. Similarly, the logarithm in the loss we use for training is replaced by a low-temperature logarithm. By tuning the two temperatures, we create loss functions that are non-convex already in the single-layer case. When replacing the last layer of the neural networks by our bi-temperature generalization of the logistic loss, the training becomes more robust to noise. We visualize the effect of tuning the two temperatures in a simple setting and show the efficacy of our method on large datasets. Our methodology is based on Bregman divergences and is superior to a related two-temperature method that uses the Tsallis divergence.

Minimax loss for GANs

Minimax GAN loss refers to the minimax simultaneous optimization of the discriminator and generator models.

Minimax refers to an optimization strategy in two-player turn-based games for minimizing the loss or cost for the worst case of the other player.

For the GAN, the generator and discriminator are the two players and take turns involving updates to their model weights. The min and max refer to the minimization of the generator loss and the maximization of the discriminator’s loss.

Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection

The Focal Loss is designed to address the one-stage object detection scenario in which there is an extreme imbalance between foreground and background classes during training (e.g., 1:1000). Therefore, the classifier gets more negative samples (or more easy training samples to be more specific) compared to positive samples, thereby causing more biased learning.

The large class imbalance encountered during the training of dense detectors overwhelms the cross-entropy loss. Easily classified negatives comprise the majority of the loss and dominate the gradient. While the weighting factor (alpha) balances the importance of positive/negative examples, it does not differentiate between easy/hard examples. Instead, we propose to reshape the loss function to down-weight easy examples and thus, focus training on hard negatives. More formally, we propose to add a modulating factor (1 − pt) γ to the cross-entropy loss, with tunable focusing parameter γ ≥ 0. 

We define the focal loss as

FL(pt) = −(1 − pt) γ log(pt)

 

Intersection over Union (IoU)-balanced Loss Functions for Single-stage Object Detection

The IoU-balanced classification loss focuses on positive scenarios with high IoU can increase the correlation between classification and the task of localization. The loss aims at decreasing the gradient of the examples with low IoU and increasing the gradient of examples with high IoU. This increases the localization accuracy of models.

Boundary loss for highly unbalanced segmentation

Boundary loss takes the form of a distance metric on the space of contours (or shapes), not regions. This can mitigate the difficulties of regional losses in the context of highly unbalanced segmentation problems because it uses integrals over the boundary (interface) between regions instead of unbalanced integrals over regions. Furthermore, a boundary loss provides information that is complementary to regional losses. Unfortunately, it is not straightforward to represent the boundary points corresponding to the regional softmax outputs of a CNN. Our boundary loss is inspired by discrete (graph-based) optimization techniques for computing gradient flows of curve evolution.

Following an integral approach for computing boundary variations, we express a non-symmetric L2L2 distance on the space of shapes as a regional integral, which avoids completely local differential computations involving contour points. This yields a boundary loss expressed with the regional softmax probability outputs of the network, which can be easily combined with standard regional losses and implemented with any existing deep network architecture for N-D segmentation. We report comprehensive evaluations on two benchmark datasets corresponding to difficult, highly unbalanced problems: the ischemic stroke lesion (ISLES) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Used in conjunction with the region-based generalized Dice loss (GDL), our boundary loss improves performance significantly compared to GDL alone, reaching up to 8% improvement in Dice score and 10% improvement in Hausdorff score. It also yielded a more stable learning process.

Perceptual Loss Function

We consider image transformation problems, where an input image is transformed into an output image. Recent methods for such problems typically train feed-forward convolutional neural networks using a \emph{per-pixel} loss between the output and ground-truth images. Parallel work has shown that high-quality images can be generated by defining and optimizing \emph{perceptual} loss functions based on high-level features extracted from pre-trained networks. We combine the benefits of both approaches and propose the use of perceptual loss functions for training feed-forward networks for image transformation tasks. We show results on image style transfer, where a feed-forward network is trained to solve the optimization problem proposed by Gatys et al in real-time. Compared to the optimization-based method, our network gives similar qualitative results but is three orders of magnitude faster. We also experiment with single-image super-resolution, where replacing a per-pixel loss with a perceptual loss gives visually pleasing results.

Conclusion

Loss function takes the algorithm from theoretical to practical and transforms neural networks from matrix multiplication into deep learning. In this article, initially, we understood how loss functions work and then, we went on to explore a comprehensive list of loss functions also we have seen the very recent — advanced loss functions.

References: –
 
https://arxiv.org
https://www.wikipedia.org
 

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What is a Neural Network?

What is a Neural Network?

Before we get started with the process of building a Neural Network, we need to understand first what a Neural Network is.

A neural network is a collection of neurons connected by synapses. This collection is organized into three main layers: the input layer, the hidden layer, and the output layer.

In an artificial neural network, there are several inputs, which are called features, producing a single output, known as a label.

Analogy between Human Mind and Neural Network

Scientists believe that a living creature’s brain processes information through the use of a biological neural network. The human brain has as many as 100 trillion synapses – gaps between neurons – which form specific patterns when activated.

In the field of Deep Learning, a neural network is represented by a series of layers that work much like a living brain’s synapses. It is becoming a popular course now, with an array of career opportunities. Thus, Deep learning Certification in Gurgaon is a must for everyone.

Scientists use neural networks to teach computers how to do things for themselves. The whole concept of Neural network and its varied applications are pretty interesting. Moreover, with the matchless Neural Networks Training in Delhi, you need not look any further.

There are numerous kinds of deep learning and neural networks:

  1. Feedforward Neural Network – Artificial Neuron
  2. Radial basis function Neural Network
  3. Kohonen Self Organizing Neural Network
  4. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) – Long Short Term Memory
  5. Convolutional Neural Network
  6. Modular Neural Network
  7. Generative adversarial networks (GANs)

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Working of a Simple Feedforward Neural Network

  1. It takes inputs as a matrix (2D array of numbers).
  2. Multiplies the input by a set weight (performs a dot product aka matrix multiplication).
  3. Applies an activation function.
  4. Returns an output.
  5. Error is calculated by taking the difference from the desired output from the data and the predicted output. This creates our gradient descent, which we can use to alter the weights.
  6. The weights are then altered slightly according to the error.
  7. To train, this process is repeated 1,000+ times. The more the data is trained upon, the more accurate our outputs will be.

Implementation of a Neural Network with Python and Keras

Keras has two types of models:

  • Sequential model
  • The model class used with functional API

Sequential model is probably the most used feature of Keras. Primarily, it represents the array of Keras Layers. It is convenient and builds different types of Neural Networks really quick, just by adding layers to it. Keras also has different types of Layers like Dense Layers, Convolutional Layers, Pooling Layers, Activation Layers, Dropout Layers etc.

The most basic layer is Dense Layer. It has many options for setting the inputs, activation function and so on. So, let’s see how one can build a Neural Network using Sequential and Dense. 

First, let’s import the necessary code from Keras:

After this step, the model is ready for compilation. The compilation step asks to define the loss function and the kind of optimizer which should be used. These options depend on the problem one is trying to solve.

Now, the model is ready to get trained. Thus, the parameters get tuned to provide the correct outputs for a given input. This can be done by feeding inputs at the input layer and then, getting an output.

After this one can calculate the loss function using the output and use backpropagation to tune the model parameters. This will fit the model parameters to the data.

Output of the above cell:-

This output shows the loss decrease and the accuracy increase over time. At this point, one can experiment with the hyper-parameters and neural network architecture to get the best accuracy.

After getting the final model architecture, one can now take the model and use feed-forward passes and predict inputs. To start making predictions, one can use the testing dataset in the model that has been created previously. Keras enables one to make predictions by using the .predict() function.

Some points to be remembered while building a strong Neural Network

1. Adding Regularization to Fight Over-Fitting

The predictive models mentioned above are prone to a problem of overfitting. This is a scenario whereby the model memorizes the results in the training set and isn’t able to generalize on data that it hasn’t seen.

In neural networks, regularization is the technique that fights overfitting by adding a layer in the neural network. It can be done in 3 ways:

  • L1 Regularization
  • L2 Regularization
  • Dropout Regularization

Out of these, Dropout is a commonly used regularization technique. In every iteration, it adds a Dropout layer in the neural network and thereby, deactivates some neurons. The process of deactivating neurons is usually random.

2. Hyperparameter Tuning

Grid search is a technique that you can use to experiment with different model parameters to obtain the ones that give you the best accuracy. This is done by trying different parameters and returning those that give the best results. It helps in improving model accuracy.

Conclusion

Neural Network is coping with the fast pace of the technology of the age remarkably well and thereby, inducing the necessity of courses like Neural Network Machine Learning PythonNeural Networks in Python course and more. Though these advanced technologies are just at their nascent stage, they are promising enough to lead the way to the future. 

In this article, Building and Training our Neural Network is shown. This simple Neural Network can be extended to Convolutional Neural Network and Recurrent Neural Network for more advanced applications in Computer Vision and Natural Language Processing respectively.

Reference Blogs:

https://keras.rstudio.com

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:matrices/x9e81a4f98389efdf:multiplying-matrices-by-matrices/v/matrix-multiplication-intro

 

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Artificial Intelligence Jobs: Data Science and Beyond!

Artificial Intelligence Jobs: Data Science and Beyond!

Artificial Intelligence is the latest technology that the industry of computer science has been working on for quite some time now. Though it has not yet been possible to materialize the high-end AIs, weak/narrow Artificial Intelligence which includes, Siri, Cortana, Bixby, Tesla, are the ones that have grown to be simply inseparable in our daily lives. This is simultaneous with the widespread of the Artificial intelligence Course in Delhiwhich is encouraging more and more students to explore new-age technologies. 

With the extensive research and tests carried out on all these new technologies to implement them in the modern industries; AI is yielding more jobs than ever before.

Jobs Springing from the Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence and data always go hand in hand because it is the data that helps us gain insight into the results. Thus, it is not surprising that the professionals utter AI and data at the same instant.

When Amazon mentioned of up-skilling 100,000 employees from the United States to make them ready for the technology of the age, they also claimed that the machines with the ability to deal with data are responsible for most of these jobs.

There have been huge changes in the figures since then, with the data mapping scientists increased to 832%, the total data scientists jumped by 505%, and the total business analysts hiked about 160%. Besides, there is also a marked demand for the other employees, who are from a non-technological background. However, most of these are associated with Artificial Intelligence, like logistics coordinator and executive; process improvement manager; transportation specialist and so on.

Thus, in contradiction to our surmises that AI and its likes will throttle our jobs and crumble every other our opportunities of the same are turning out to be false for good!

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Drawing to a Close

Whether it is Machine Learning, Data Science or Artificial Intelligence, we are noticing a rapid progress and can easily count on a better future rich with technology. However, with the increasing hardware, software and advanced computing, the need to grasp the pacing technology thoroughly is becoming predominant. Thus, Machine Learning Using PythonNeural Network Machine Learning Python and Data Science Courses in Gurgaon are rising in demand to meet the need of the mass. However, you should always go for the best Artificial Intelligence Training Institute in Gurgaon to imbibe a wholesome knowledge of the subject.

 


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Machine Learning in the Healthcare Sector

Machine Learning in the Healthcare Sector

The healthcare industry is one of the most important industries when it comes to human welfare. Research analysis from the U.S. federal government actuaries say that Americans spent $3.65 trillion on health care in 2018(report from Axios) and the Indian healthcare market is expected to reach $ 372 billion by 2022. To reduce cost and to move towards a personalized healthcare system, the industry faces three major hurdles: –

1) Electronic record management
2) Data integration
3) Computer-aided diagnoses.

Machine learning in itself is a vast field with a wide array of tools, techniques, and frameworks that can be exploited and manipulated to cope with these challenges. In today’s time, Machine Learning Using Python is proving to be very helpful in streamlining the administrative processes in hospitals, map and treat life-threatening diseases and personalizing medical treatments.

This blog will focus primarily on the applications of Machine learning in the domain of healthcare.

Real-life Application of Machine learning in the Health Sector

  1. MYCIN system was incepted at Stanford University. The system was developed in order to detect specific strains of bacteria that cause infections. It proposed a good therapy in 69% of the cases which was at that time better than infectious disease experts.
  2. In the 1980s at the University of Pittsburgh, a diagnostic tool named INTERNIST-I was developed to diagnose symptoms of various diseases like flu, pneumonia, diabetes and more. One of the key functionalities of the INTERNIST-I was to be able to detect the problem areas. This is done with a view of being able to remove diagnostics’ likelihood.
  3. AI trained by researchers from Pennsylvania has been developed recently which is capable of predicting patients who are most likely to die within a year. This is assessed based on their heart test results. This AI is capable of predicting the death of patients even if the figures look quite normal to the doctors. The researchers have trained the AI with 1.77 million electrocardiograms (ECG) results. The researchers have made two versions of this Al: one with just the ECG data and the other one with ECG data along with the age and gender of the patients.
  4. P1vital’s PReDicT (Predicting Response to Depression Treatment) built on the Machine Learning algorithms aims to develop a commercially feasible way to diagnose and provide treatment of depression in clinical practice.
  5. KenSci has developed machine learning algorithms to predict illnesses and their cure to enable doctors with the ability to detect specific patterns and indicators of population health risks. This comes under the purview of model disease progression.
  6. Project Hanover developed by Microsoft is using Machine Learning-based technologies for multiple purposes, which includes the development of AI-based technology for cancer treatment and personalizing drug combination for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).
  7. Preserving data in the health care industry has always been a daunting task. However, with the forward-looking steps in analytics-related technology, it has become more manageable over the years. The truth is that even now, a majority of the processes take a lot of time to complete.
  8. Machine learning can prove to be disruptive in the medical sector by automating processes relating to data collection and collation. This is highly profitable in terms of cost-effectiveness. Newer algorithms such as Vector Machines or OCR recognition are designed to automate the task of document reading and classification with high levels of precision and accuracy.

  9. PathAI’s technology uses machine learning to help pathologists make faster and more accurate diagnoses. Furthermore, it also helps in identifying patients who might benefit from a new and different type of treatments or therapies in the future.

Data Science Machine Learning Certification

To Sum Up:

As the modern technologies of Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics are tottering forth in multiple domains, there is a long path they need to walk to ensure an unflinching success. Besides, it is also important for every one of us to be accustomed to all these new-age technologies.

With an expansion of the quality Machine Learning course in India and Neural Network Machine learning Python, all the reputed institutes are joining hands together to bring in the revolution. The initial days will be slow and hard, but it is no doubt that these cutting edge technologies will transform the medical industry along with a range of other industries, making early diagnoses possible along with a reduction of the overall cost. Besides, with the introduction of successful recommender systems and other promises of personalized healthcare, coupled with systematic management of medical records, Machine Learning will surely usher in the future for good! 

 


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An All-Inclusive Guide on Python and its Changing Trends

An All-Inclusive Guide on Python and its Changing Trends

Python is an extremely readable and versatile high-level programming language. Many companies such as Google, YouTube, Dropbox use the language for developing applications. It also finds its use extensively in diverse fields as in Python for data analysis, Machine Learning Using Python, Natural Language Processing, Web Development, Scientific Computing, Image processing, Robotics, Computer Vision and many more.

It supports both Object-oriented programming and Functional programming. Python is generally referred to as an interpreted language which implies that each line of code is executed one by one and if the interpreter finds an error, it stops immediately with an error message on the screen.

Another important feature of Python is its interactive prompt. A Python statement can be typed and immediately executed, which is in sharp contradiction to any other compiled language.

What are Python 2.x and Python 3.x?

There are two main versions of Python: Python 2.x and Python 3.x. If someone is new to Python, then he/she might be in confusion about which version to use. However, in the current scenario, we can easily migrate from Python 2 to Python 3, as the Python Software Foundation has finally taken the step to formally announce that Python 2 will reach the end of life (EOL) on January 1st, 2020.

Key differences between Python 2.x and Python 3.x

This article discusses the differences between these two versions of Python, making Python 3 less confusing for a new programmer.

  1. Print Function

In Python 2, print is a statement. There is no need of parenthesis.

In Python 3, print is a function. It needs parenthesis.

  1. Integer Division

In Python 2, if the division operator is performed on two integers, then the output will be an integer for example: – 7/3 = 2.

In Python 3, if the division operator is performed on two integers, then the output will be accurate. It can also be in float for example: – 7/3 = 2.33.

To get the result in an integer only a different division operator is used that is (//) it returns an integer result for example, – 7//3 = 2.

 3. Unicode Support

Both the versions of Python can handle strings (sequences of characters) differently.

Python 2 uses the ASCII encoding standard by default. ASCII is limited to representing 256 characters. This limits the flexibility of Python to encode the characters, particularly non-standard ones. Using Unicode in Python 2 requires extra syntax—for example when using print, the input text is to be wrapped in the Unicode() function to handle special characters.

In Python 3, Unicode is the default. The Unicode standard is much more versatile—it supports over 128,000 characters. There is no need for an extra syntax to define the Unicode values—they get printed automatically as utf-8 strings.

  1. Range Function

In Python 2, the range function returns a list of numbers.

In Python 2, the xrange class represents an iterable that provides the same object.

 In Python 3, original range function is removed and xrange is renamed to range:

In Python 3, it is needed to convert the range object to a list if someone desires the same result as the range function provides in Python 2.

  1. ­­­­Input() Method

Mainly what is expected from the input() method is that it reads input as string, then it can be converted into any datatype as per the requirement.

In Python 2, it has both the input() and raw_input() methods for taking input. The difference between the raw_input() and input()is that the raw_input() reads input as a string while the input() reads input as string only if it is inside quotes else reads as an integer.

In Python 3, there is no raw_input() method. The raw_input() method is replaced by input() in python 3. 

If someone still wants to use the input() method like in python 2, then it can be availed by using eval() method.

There are many other differences between Python 2 and Python 3 like: –

  1. Next() Method

In Python 2, .next() method is used and in Python 3 next() function is used to iterate the next element of an iterator.

  1. Raising Exception

To raise an exception in Python 3, the argument should be in parenthesis, while in Python 2, it is not necessary.

  1. Handling Exception

Handling exception is also changed in Python 3, “as” keyword is used in Python 3, while it is not necessary in Python 2.

So, if someone is a beginner, then it is strongly recommended to use Python 3 because it is the future of Python and also January 1, 2020, will be the last day of Python 2. It means that no improvement will be done anymore after that day, even if someone finds a security problem in it.

Data Science Machine Learning Certification

It is highly recommended to upgrade the version of the programming language to Python 3. Some ways can help the Python 2 users in porting their code from Python 2 to Python 3 and get the feel of Python 3 and figure out how it is different from Python 2. The code can be imported by using tools like “Futurize” and “Modernize”. Also, if someone wants to check the availability of Python 3 as part of his tests, then “caniusepython3.check()” can be used.

As a final note, everyone must look for upgrading their Python version to Python 3 to understand the subtleties of the new version and usher in the future. However, if you are interested in Deep learning for computer vision with Python and similar courses, then opt for the premium Python training institute in Delhi now!


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Deep Learning and its Progress as Discussed at Intel’s AI Summit

Deep Learning and its Progress as Discussed at Intel’s AI Summit

At the latest AI summit organized by Intel, Mr. Naveen Rao, Vice President and General Manager of Intel’s AI Products Group, focused on the most vibrant age of computing that is the present age we are living. According to Rao, the widespread and sudden growth of neural networks is putting the capability of the hardware into a real test. Therefore, we now have to reflect deeply on “how processing, network, and memory work together” to figure a pragmatic solution, he said.

The storage of data has seen countless improvements in the last 20 years. We can now boast of our prowess of handling considerably large sets of data, with greater computing capability in a single place. This led to the expansion of the neural network models with an eye on the overall progress in neural Network Machine Learning Python and computing in general.

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With the onset of exceedingly large data sets to work with, Deep learning for Computer Vision Course and the other models of Deep Learning to recognize speech, images, and text are extensively feeding on them. The technological giants were undoubtedly the early birds to grab the technical: the hardware and the software configuration to have an edge on the others.  

Surely, Deep Learning is on its peak now, where computers can identify the images with incredible vividness. On the other hand, chatbots can carry on with almost natural conversations with us. It is no wonder that the Deep learning Training Institutes all over the world are jumping in the race to bring all of these new technologies efficiently to the general mass.

The Big Problem

We are living in the dynamic age of AI and Machine Learning, with the biggies like Google, Facebook, and its peers, having the technical skills and configuration to take up the challenges. However, the neural networks have fattened up so much lately that it has already started to give the hardware a tough time, getting the better of them all the time.

Deep Learning and AI using Python

The number of parameters of the Neural network models is increasing as never before. They are “actually increasing on the order of 10x year on year”, as per Rao. Thus, it is a wall looming in AI. Though Intel is trying its best to tackle this obvious wall, which might otherwise give the industry a severe setback, with extensive research to bring new chip architectures and memory technologies into play, it cannot solve the AI processing problem single-handedly. Rao concluded on a note of requesting the partners in the present competitive scenario.

 

Sourced from: www.datanami.com/2019/11/13/deep-learning-has-hit-a-wall-intels-rao-says

 

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