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AI joins the fight against Cancer

AI joins the fight against Cancer

Cancer is the emperor of all maladies. Finding a cure to it is one of the biggest challenges in the world of medicine. More and more men and women, one in five men and one in six women worldwide likely to be afflicted, are falling prey to the malady. It is something that has spurred on the fight against the disease even more intensely.  AI and machine learning has increased the scope of groundbreaking research in the field and it is worth knowing a little about.

One reason why AI, which has made inroads into numerous sectors of the economy, has made immense advancements in the field of medical oncology is the vast amount of data generated during cancer treatment. With the assistance of AI, say scientists, this vast trove of data can be mined and worked to improve methods of diagnosis and preventive cures and treatments.

Detection of Cancer

Machine learning can lead to early detection and timely treatment in many cases. Because cancer is treated in stages, unlike other diseases, machine learning can come in handy when it comes to detection of precancerous lesions in tissues.

AI utilizing tools can assist radiologists in graphically and visually studying images by revealing suspicious lesions. This process not only reduces the work load of radiologists but it also makes possible the detection of miniscule lesions which could otherwise be overlooked.

Detection of Breast Cancer

“DeepMind and Google Health collaborated to develop a new AI system that helps in detecting breast cancer accurately at a nascent stage. Being the most common cancer in women, breast cancer, has seen an alarming rise over the past few years. Though early detection can improve a patient’s prognosis significantly, mammography, which is the best screening test currently available, is not entirely error-proof”, says a report.

To correct this, researchers at DeepMind and Google Health designed an algorithm on mammogram images and noticed AI systems reduced the recurrence of errors. They discovered that AI systems functioned better than human radiologists. A few startups in India are also laboring in the arena of cancer detection.

Predicting Cancer Evolution

Besides detection, AI is useful in the treatment of cancer as well. It is critical to the survival of patients in that it is used to predict growth and evolution of cancers which could help doctors prepare a treatment plan and save lives.

Identifying Effective Treatments

AI can play a significant role in the overall treatment of the patient, especially precision medicine which is the administering of personalized medicine from a pool of generic medication beneficial to the patient. AI can also be used to design new drugs.

Thus, AI has created a huge potential for changing the mode of treatment of cancer patients. According to the report, Exscientia is the first company, globally, to have overtaken conventional drug designing processes by automating the whole process using AI. Another company is trying to do the same in Bangalore.

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It is no surprise then that AI is being even more widely adopted across sectors of healthcare and medicine. More and more professionals, the world over, are enrolling in courses teaching AI, deep learning and machine learning. For the best such institute in India, or for the best artificial intelligence training institute in Gurgaon, do not forget to visit the DexLab website today.

 

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How AI and Deep Learning Helps In Weather Forecasting

 

How AI and Deep Learning Helps In Weather Forecasting

The world’s fight against extreme weather conditions and climate change is at the forefront of all discussions and debates on the environment. In fact, climate change is the biggest concern we are faced with today, and studying the climate has increasingly become the primary preoccupation of scientists and researchers. They have received a shot in the arm with the increase in the scope of artificial intelligence and deep learning in predicting weather patterns.

Take for instance the super cyclone Amphan that has ravaged West Bengal and Orissa. Had it not been for weather forecasting techniques, meteorologists would never had predicted the severity of the cyclone and the precautionary evacuation of thousands of people from coastal areas would not have been taken, leading to massive loss of lives. This is where the importance of weather forecasting lies.

Digitizing the prediction model

Traditionally, weather forecasting depends on a combination of observations of the current state of the weather and data sets from previous observations. Meteorologists prepare weather forecasts collecting a wealth of data and running it through prediction models. These sets of data come from hundreds of observations like temperature, wind speed, and precipitation produced by weather stations and satellites across the globe. Due to the digitization of these weather models, accuracy has improved much more than it was a few decades ago. And with the recent introduction of machine learning, forecasting has become an even more accurate and exact science.

Machine Learning

Machine learning can be utilized to make comparisons between historical weather forecasts and observations in real time. Also, machine learning can be used to make models account for inaccuracies in predictions, like overestimated rainfall.

At weather forecast institutions, prediction models use gradient boosting that is a machine learning technique for building predictive models. This is used to correct any errors that come into play with traditional weather forecasting.

Deep Learning

Machine Learning and Deep Learning are increasingly being used for nowcasting, a model of forecasting in the real time, traditionally within a two-hour time span. It provides precipitation forecasts by the minute. With deep learning, a meteorologist can anywhere in the vicinity of a weather satellite (which runs on deep learning technology) use nowcasting rather than just those who live near radar stations (which are used in traditional forecasting).

Extreme Weather Events

Deep learning is being used not only for predicting usual weather patterns, it is being used to predict extreme weather conditions as well. Rice University engineers have designed a deep learning computer system that has trained itself to predict, in accurate terms, extreme weather conditions like heat waves or cold waves. The computer system can do so up to five days in advance. And the most fascinating part is it uses the least information about current weather conditions to make predictions.

This system could effectively guide NWP (numerical weather prediction) that currently does not have the ability to predict extreme weather conditions like heat waves. And it could be a super cheap way to do so as well.

According to sciencedaily.com, with further development, the system could serve as an early warning system for weather forecasters, and as a tool for learning more about the atmospheric conditions that lead to extreme weather, said Rice’s Pedram Hassanzadeh, co-author of a study about the system published online in the American Geophysical Union’s Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.

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Thus, it is no surprise then that machine learning and deep learning is being widely adopted the world over. In India, is it being taken up as a form of study and training in metropolitans like Delhi and Gurgaon. For the best Machine Learning course in Delhi and deep learning course in delhi, check out the DexLab Analytics website today.

 

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Budget 2020 Focuses on Artificial Intelligence in a Bid to Build Digital India

Budget 2020 Focuses on Artificial Intelligence in a Bid to Build Digital India

The Indian technology industry has welcomed the 2020 budget for its outreach to the sector, specially the Rs 8000 crore mission for the next five years on Quantum Computing. The budget has been praised in general for its noteworthy allocation of funds for farm, infrastructure and healthcare to revive growth across sectors in the country.

According to an Economic Times report, Debjani Ghosh, President, NASSCOM, reacting to the budget, said, “Budget 2020 and the finance minister’s speech has well-articulated India’s vision on not just being a leading provider of digital solutions, but one where technology is the bedrock of development and growth’.

Industry insiders lauded the budget for the allocation on Quantum Computing, the policy outline for the private sector to construct data center parks and the abolition of the Dividend Distribution Tax. The abolition of the Tax had been a long standing demand of the industry and the move has been welcomed. The building of data parks will help retain data within the country, industry experts said.

Moreover, while announcing the budget this year, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman spelt out the government’s intentions of utilizing, more intensely, technology, specially artificial intelligence and machine learning.

These will be used for the purposes of monitoring economic data, preventing diseases and facilitating healthcare systems under Ayushman Bharat, guarding intellectual property rights, enhancing and improving agricultural systems and sea ports and delivery of government services.

Governments the world over have been emphasising the deployment of AI for digital governance and research. As per reports, the US government plans and intends to spend nearly 1 billion US dollars on AI-related research and development this year.

The Indian government has also planned to make available digital connectivity to citizens at the gram panchayat level under its ambitious Digital India drive with a focus on carrying forward the benefits and advantages of a digital revolution by utilizing technology to the fullest. One lakh gram panchayats will be covered under the Rs 6000 crore Bharat Net project wherein fibre connectivity will be made available to households.  

“While the government had previously set up a national portal for AI research and development, in the latest announcement, the government has continued to offer its support for tech advancements. We appreciate the government’s emphasis on promoting cutting-edge technologies in India,” Atul Rai, co-founder & CEO of Staqu said in a statement, according to a report by Live Mint.

The Finance Minister also put forward a plan to give a fillip to manufacturing of mobiles, semiconductor packaging and electronic equipment. She iterated that there will be a cost-benefit to electronics manufacturing in India.

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Thus, this article shows how much the government of India is concentrating on artificial intelligence and machine learning with a push towards digital governance. It shows that the government is recognising the need to capitalise on the “new oil” that is data, as the saying goes. So it is no surprise then that more and more professionals are opting for Machine Learning Course in India and artificial intelligence certification in delhi ncr. DexLab Analytics focuses on these technologies to train and skill professionals who want to increase their knowledge base in a digital first economy.

 

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8 Skills a Python Programmer Should Master

8 Skills a Python Programmer Should Master

Python has become the lingua franca of the computing world. It has come to become the most sought after programming language for deep learning, machine learning and artificial intelligence. It is a favourite with programmers because it is easy to understand and learn and it achieves a lot more in terms of productivity as compared to other languages.

Python is a dynamic, high-level, general-purpose programming language that is useful for developing desktop, web and mobile applications that can also be used for complex scientific and numeric applications, data science, AI etc. Python focuses a lot on code readability.

From web and game development to machine learning, from AI to scientific computing and academic research, Data science and analysis, python is regarded as the real deal. Python is useful in domains like finance, social media, biotech etc. Developing large software applications in Python is also simpler due to its large amount of available libraries.

The Python developer usually deals with backend components, apps connection with third-party web services and giving support to frontend developers in web applications. Of course, one might create applications with use of different languages but pretty often Python is the language chosen for it – and there are several reasons for that.

In this article, we will walk through a structured approach to top 8 skills required to become a Python Developer. These skills are:

  • Core Python
  • Good grasp of Web Frameworks
  • Front-End Technologies
  • Data Science
  • Machine Learning and AI
  • Python Libraries
  • Multi-Process Architecture
  • Communication Skills

Core Python

This is the foundation of any Python developer. If one wants to achieve success in this career, he/she needs to understand the core python concepts. These include the following:

  • Iterators
  • Data Structures
  • Generators
  • OOPs concepts
  • Exception Handling
  • File handling concepts
  • Variables and data types

However, learning the core language (as mentioned above) is only the first step in mastering this language and becoming a successful Python developer.

Good grasp of Web Frameworks

By automating the implementation of redundant tasks, frameworks cut development time and enable developers to focus greatly on application logic rather than routine elements.

Because it is one of the leading programming languages, there is no scarcity of frameworks for Python. Different frameworks have their own set of advantages and issues. Hence, the selection needs to be made on the basis of project requirements and developer preference. There are primarily three types of Python frameworks, namely full-stack, micro-framework, and asynchronous.

A good Python web developer has incredible honing over either of the two web frameworks Django or Flask or both. Django is a high-level Python Web Framework that encourages a good, clean and pragmatic design and Flask is also widely used Python micro web framework.

Front-End Technologies (JavaScript, CSS3, HTML5)

Sometimes, Python developers must work with the frontend team to match together the server-side and the client-side. This means Python developers need a basic understanding of how the frontend works, what’s possible and what’s not, and how the application will appear.

While there is likely a UX team, SCRUM master, and project or product manager to coordinate the workflow, it’s still good to have a basic understanding of front-end tasks.

Data Science

Data science offers a world of new opportunities. Being a Python developer, there are several prerequisites you need to know starting with things you learn in high school mathematics, such as statistics, probability, etc. Some of the other parts of data science you need to understand, and use include SQL knowledge; the use of Python packages, data wrangling and data cleanup, analysis of data, and visualization of data.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (as well as Deep Learning) are constantly growing. Python is the perfect programming language which is used in all the frameworks of Machine Learning and Deep Learning. This will be a huge plus for someone if he/she knows about this domain. If someone is into data science, then definitely digging in the Machine Learning topic would be a great idea.

Python Libraries

Python libraries certainly deserve a place in every Python Developer’s toolbox. Python has a massive collection of libraries, both native and third-party libraries. With so many Python libraries out there, though, it’s no surprise that some don’t get all the attention they deserve. Plus, programmers who work exclusively in one domain don’t always know about the goodies available to them for other kinds of work.

Python libraries are extensively used in simplifying everything from file system access, database programming, and working with cloud services to building lightweight web apps, creating GUIs, and working with images, ebooks, and Word files—and much more.

Multiprocessing Architecture

Multiprocessing refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor at the same time. Applications in a multiprocessing system are broken to smaller routines that run independently. The operating system allocates these threads to the processors improving performance of the system. As a Python-Developer one should definitely know about the MVC (Model View Controller) and MVT (Model View Template) Architecture. Once you understand the Multi-Processing Architecture you can solve issues related to the core framework etc.

Communication Skills

In best software development firms the teams are made out of amazing programmers which work together to achieve the final goal – no matter if it means to finish the project, to create a new app or maybe to help a startup. However, working in a team means that a developer has to communicate well – not only to get the stuff done but also to keep the documentation clear so others can easily read and follow the thinking path to fully understand the idea.

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Conclusion

In this write-up, we have elaborated on the top skills one needs to have to be a successful Python Developer. One must have a working knowledge of Core Python and a good grasp of Web Frameworks, Front-End Technologies, Data Science, Machine Learning and AI, Python Libraries, Multi-Process Architecture and Communication skills. Though there are a few more skills not listed in this blog, one can achieve success in developing large software applications by mastering all the above skills only.

As delineated in the article, Python is the new rage in the computing world. And it is no surprise then that more and more professionals are opting to take up courses teaching Machine learning using Python and python for data analysis.

 

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Netflix develops in own data science management tool and open sources it

Netflix develops in own data science management tool and open sources it

Netflix in December last year introduced its own python framework called Metaflow. It was developed to apply to data science with a vision to make scalability a seamless proposition. Metaflow’s biggest strength is that it makes running the pipeline (constructed as a series of steps in a graph) easily movable from a stationary machine to cloud platforms (currently only the Amazon Web Services (AWS)).

What does Metaflow really do? Well, it primarily “provides a layer of abstraction” on computing resources. What it translates to is the fact that a programmer can concentrate on writing/working code while Metaflow will handle the aspect which ensures the code runs on machines.

Metaflow manages and oversees Python data science projects addressing the entire data science workflow (from prototype to model deployment), works with various machine learning libraries and amalgamates with AWS.

Machine learning and data science projects require systems to follow and track the trajectory and development of the code, data, and models. Doing this task manually is prone to mistakes and errors. Moreover, source code management tools like Git are not at all well-suited to doing these tasks.

Metaflow provides Python Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the entire stack of technologies in a data science workflow, from access to the data, versioning, model training, scheduling, and model deployment, says a report.

Netflix built Metaflow to provide its own data scientists and developers with “a unified API to the infrastructure stack that is required to execute data science projects, from prototype to production,” and to “focus on the widest variety of ML use cases, many of which are small or medium-sized, which many companies face on a day to day basis”, Metaflow’s introductory documentation says.

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Metaflow is not biased. It does not favor any one machine learning framework or data science library over another. The video-streaming giant deploys machine learning across all aspects of its business, from screenplay analysis, to optimizing production schedules and pricing. It is bent on using Python to the best limits the programming language can stretch. For the best Data Science Courses in Gurgaon or Python training institute in Delhi, you can check out the Dexlab Analytics courses online.

 

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A Handbook of the Basic Data Types in Python 3: Strings

A Handbook of the Basic Data Types in Python 3: Strings

In general, a data type defines the format, sets the upper & lower bounds of the data so that a program could use it appropriately. Data types are the classification or categorization of data items which describes the character of a variable. The most used data types are numeric, non-numeric and Boolean (true/false).

Python has the following standard Data Types:

  • Booleans
  • Numbers
  • String
  • List
  • Tuple
  • Set
  • Dictionary

Mutable and Immutable Objects

Data objects of the above types are stored in a computer’s memory for processing. Some of these values can be modified during processing, but the contents of the others can’t be altered once they are created in the memory.

Number values, strings, and tuple are immutable, which means their contents can’t be altered after creation.

On the other hand, the collection of items in a List or Dictionary object can be modified. It is possible to add, delete, insert, and rearrange items in a list or dictionary. Hence, they are mutable objects.

Booleans

A Boolean is such a data type that almost every programming language has, and so does Python. Boolean in Python can have two values – True or False. These values can be used for assigning and comparison.

Numbers

Numbers are one of the most prominent Python data types. In Numbers, there are mainly 3 types which include Integer, Float, and Complex.

String

A sequence of one or more characters enclosed within either single quotes ‘or double quotes” is considered as String in Python. Any letter, a number or a symbol could be a part of the string. Multi-line strings can be represented using triple quotes,”’ or “””.

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List

Python list is an array-like construct which stores a heterogeneous collection of items of varied data typed objects in an ordered sequence. It is very flexible and does not have a fixed size. The Index in a list begins with a zero in Python.

Tuple

A tuple is a sequence of Python objects separated by commas. Tuples are immutable, which means tuples once created cannot be modified. Tuples are defined using parentheses ().

Set

A set is an unordered collection of items. Set is defined by values separated by a comma inside braces { }. Amongst all the Python data types, the set is one which supports mathematical operations like union, intersection, symmetric difference etc. Since the set derives its implementation from the “Set” in mathematics, so it can’t have multiple occurrences of the same element.

Dictionary

A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. It’s a built-in mapping type in Python where keys map to values. These key-value pairs provide an intuitive way to store data. To retrieve the value we must know the key. In Python, dictionaries are defined within braces {}.

This article is about one specific data type, which is a string. The String is a sequence of characters enclosed in single (”) or double quotation (“”) marks.

Here are examples of creating strings in Python.

Counting Number of Characters Using LEN () Function

The LEN () built-in function counts the number of characters in the string.

Creating Empty Strings

Although variables S3 and S4 do not contain any characters they are still valid strings. S3 and S4 both represent empty strings here.

We can verify this fact by using the type () function.

String Concatenation

String concatenation means joining one or more strings together. To concatenate strings in Python we use + operator.

String Repetition Operator (*)

Just like in numbers, * operator can also be used with strings. When used with strings * operator repeats the string n number of times. Its general format is: 1 string * n,

where n is a number of type int.

Membership Operators – in and not in

The in or not in operators are used to check the existence of a string inside another string. For example:

Indexing in a String

In Python, characters in a string are stored in a sequence. We can access individual characters inside a string by using an index.

An index refers to the position of a character inside a string. In Python, strings are 0 indexed. This means that the first character is at index 0; the second character is at index 1 and so on. The index position of the last character is one less than the length of the string.

To access the individual characters inside a string we type the name of the variable, followed by the index number of the character inside the square brackets [].

Instead of manually counting the index position of the last character in the string, we can use the LEN () function to calculate the string and then subtract 1 from it to get the index position of the last character.

We can also use negative indexes. A negative index allows us to access characters from the end of the string. Negative index starts from -1, so the index position of the last character is -1, for the second last character it is -2 and so on.

Slicing Strings

String slicing allows us to get a slice of characters from the string. To get a slice of string we use the slicing operator. Its syntax is:

str_name[start_index:end_index]

str_name[start_index:end_index] returns a slice of string starting from index start_index to the end_index. The character at the end_index will not be included in the slice. If end_index is greater than the length of the string then the slice operator returns a slice of string starting from start_index to the end of the string. The start_index and end_index are optional. If start_index is not specified then slicing begins at the beginning of the string and if end_index is not specified then it goes on to the end of the string. For example:

Apart from these functionalities, there are so many built-in methods for strings which make the string as the useful data type of Python. Some of the common built-in methods are as follows: –

capitalize ()

Capitalizes the first letter of the string

join (seq)

Merges (concatenates) the string representations of elements in sequence seq into a string, with separator string.

lower ()

Converts all the letters in a string that are in uppercase to lowercase.

max (str)

Returns the max alphabetical character from the string str.

min (str)

Returns the min alphabetical character from the string str.

replace (old, new [, max])

Replaces all the occurrences of old in a string with new or at most max occurrences if max gave.

 split (str=””, num=string.count(str))

Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not provided) and returns list of substrings; split into at most num substrings if given.

upper()

Converts lowercase letters in a string to uppercase.

Conclusion

So in this article, firstly, we have seen a brief introduction of all the data types of python. Later in this article, we focused on the strings. We have seen several Python operations on strings as well as the most common useful built-in methods of strings.

Python is the language of the present age, wherein almost every field there is a need for Python. For example, Python for data analysisMachine Learning Using Python has been easy and comprehensible than they were ever before. Thus, if you are also interested in Python and looking for promising courses Computer Vision Course PythonRetail Analytics using PythonNeural Network Machine Learning Python, then get in touch with Dexlab Analytics now and step into the world of opportunities!

 

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Python Statistics Fundamentals: How to Describe Your Data? (Part II)

Python Statistics Fundamentals: How to Describe Your Data? (Part II)

In the first part of this article, we have seen how to describe and summarize datasets and how to calculate types of measures in descriptive statistics in Python. It’s possible to get descriptive statistics with pure Python code, but that’s rarely necessary.

Python is an advanced programming language extensively used in all of the latest technologies of Data Science, Deep Learning and Machine learning. Furthermore, it is particularly responsible for the growth of the Machine Learning course in IndiaMoreover, numerous courses like Deep Learning for Computer vision with Python, Text Mining with Python course and Retail Analytics using Python are pacing up with the call of the age. You must also be in line with the cutting-edge technologies by enrolling with the best Python training institute in Delhi now, not to regret it later.

In this part, we will see the Python statistics libraries which are comprehensive, popular, and widely used especially for this purpose. These libraries give users the necessary functionality when crunching data. Below are the major Python libraries that are used for working with data.

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NumPy and SciPy – Fundamental Scientific Computing

NumPy stands for Numerical Python. The most powerful feature of NumPy is the n-dimensional array. This library also contains basic linear algebra functions, Fourier transforms, advanced random number capabilities. NumPy is much faster than the native Python code due to the vectorized implementation of its methods and the fact that many of its core routines are written in C (based on the CPython framework).

For example, let’s create a NumPy array and compute basic descriptive statistics like mean, median, standard deviation, quantiles, etc.

SciPy stands for Scientific Python, which is built on NumPy. NumPy arrays are used as the basic data structure by SciPy.

Scipy is one of the most useful libraries for a variety of high-level science and engineering modules like discrete Fourier transforms, Linear Algebra, Optimization and Sparse matrices. Specifically in statistical modelling, SciPy boasts of a large collection of fast, powerful, and flexible methods and classes. It can run popular statistical tests such as t-test, chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney rank test, Wilcoxon rank-sum, etc. It can also perform correlation computations, such as Pearson’s coefficient, ANOVA, Theil-Sen estimation, etc.

Pandas – Data Manipulation and Analysis

Pandas library is used for structured data operations and manipulations. It is extensively used for data preparation. The DataFrame() function in Pandas takes a list of values and outputs them in a table. Seeing data enumerated in a table gives a visual description of a data set and allows for the formulation of research questions on the data.

The describe() function outputs various descriptive statistics values, except for the variance. The variance is calculated using the var() function in Pandas.

The mean() function, returns the mean of the values for the requested axis.

Matplotlib – Plotting and Visualization

Matplotlib is a Python library for creating 2D plots. It is used for plotting a wide variety of graphs, starting from histograms to line plots to heat plots. One can use Pylab feature in IPython notebook (IPython notebook –pylab = inline) to use these plotting features inline. If the inline option is ignored, then pylab converts IPython environment to an environment, very similar to Matlab.

matplotlib.pylot is a collection of command style functions.

If a single list array is provided to the plot() command, matplotlib assumes it is a sequence of Y values and internally generates the X value for you.

Each function makes some change to a figure, like creating a figure, creating a plotting area in a figure, decorating the plot with labels, etc. Now, let us create a very simple plot for some given data, as shown below:

Scikit-learn – Machine Learning and Data Mining

Scikit-learn built on NumPy, SciPy and matplotlib. Scikit-learn is the most widely used Python library for classical machine learning. But, it is necessary to include it in the discussion of statistical modeling as many classical machine learning (i.e. non-deep learning) algorithms can be classified as statistical learning techniques. This library contains a lot of efficient tools for machine learning and statistical modeling including classification, regression, clustering and dimensional reduction.

Conclusion

In this article, we covered a set of Python open-source libraries that form the foundation of statistical modelling, analysis, and visualization. On the data side, these libraries work seamlessly with the other data analytics and data engineering platforms, such as Pandas and Spark (through PySpark). For advanced machine learning tasks (e.g. deep learning), NumPy knowledge is directly transferable and applicable in popular packages such as TensorFlow and PyTorch. On the visual side, libraries like Matplotlib, integrate nicely with advanced dashboarding libraries like Bokeh and Plotly.

 

https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.html

 

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Automation is to Highly Impact the Knowledge Workers

Automation is to Highly Impact the Knowledge Workers

Automation will mainly target the knowledge workers, who are highly paid and educated and involved in thinking and analytical jobs.

The robot revolution is anticipated for quite some time now and with the ongoing advancements in Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, the future is near. However, it is also one of the most dreaded events for the workers going forward, who would be vulnerable to losing their respective jobs.

Going back to the 2017 McKinsey study, around 50% of the jobs in the manufacturing industries are automatable using the latest technology. However, according to the latest report, the white-collar workers, who are well-read and engaged in thinking and analytical jobs, are more likely to suffer the most.

According to a new study conducted by Michael Webb, Stanford University Economist, the powerful technologies of computer science like Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, which can make human-like decisions and grow using real-time data, will eventually target the white-collar workers. Artificial Intelligence has already made marked intrusions in the white-collar jobs, like telemarketing, which are primarily overseen by the bots. However, with the tireless efforts of the Data Scientists, along with the expansion of the Machine Learning course in India, it is believed to oust the majority of the knowledge workers, like chemical engineers, market researchers, market analysts, physicists, librarians and more.

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The new research focuses on the intersecting subject-noun pairs in AI patents and job descriptions to find out the jobs that will be heavily affected by the Ai technology. For example, the job descriptions of market research analysts comprise of “data analysis”, “identifying markets” and “track market trends”, which are in fact, all covered by the AI patents that are existing. This new study looks far more progressive than the previous ones because it analyzes patents for the technology which are yet to develop completely.

With the rising trends of Data Science and Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence has really come a long way from what an imaginary concept. Thus, courses like Machine Learning Using Python and Python for Data Analysis, are in heavy demands. 

 

This article has been sourced fromwww.vox.com/recode/2019/11/20/20964487/white-collar-automation-risk-stanford-brookings

 

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Python Statistics Fundamentals: How to Describe Your Data? (Part I)

Python Statistics Fundamentals: How to Describe Your Data?

Statistics is a branch of mathematics which deals with the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of masses of numerical data. Statistics is a tool used to communicate our understanding of data. It helps us understand the world better, make assertions, and communicate our confidence in the statements we are making.

Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis:

  1. Descriptive statistics: This method is used to summarize data from a sample using measures such as the mean or standard deviation
  2. Inferential statistics: With this method, you can conclude data that are subject to random variation (e.g., observational errors, sampling variation).

This article is about the descriptive statistics which are used to describe and summarize the datasets. We are also going to see the available Python libraries to get those numerical quantities.

This whole topic will be covered in a series of two blogs. This first blog is about the types of measures in descriptive statistics. Furthermore, we will also see the built-in Python “Statistics” library, which has a relatively small number of the most important statistics functions.

Descriptive statistics can be defined as the measures that summarize a given data, and these measures can be broken down further into the measures of central tendency and the measures of dispersion. Measures of central tendency include mean, median, and the mode, while the measures of dispersion include standard deviation and variance.

We will cover the following topics in descriptive statistics:

  • Measures of Central Tendency
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
  • Measures of Dispersion
  1. Variation
  2. Standard Deviation

First, we need to import the Python statistics module.

Mean

The arithmetic mean is the sum of data divided by the number of data-points. It is a measure of the central location of data in a set of values that vary in range. In Python, we usually do this by dividing the sum of given numbers with the count of the number present. Python mean function can be used to calculate the mean/average of the given list of numbers. It returns the mean of the data set passed as parameters.

mean( ): Arithmetic mean (“average”) of data.

harmonic_mean( ): It is the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of the data (say for three numbers a, b and c, 1/mean = 3/(1/a + 1/b + 1/c)).

Median

median( ): Median or middle value of data is calculated as the mean of middle two. When the number of data points is odd, the middle data point is returned. The median is a robust measure of a central location and is less affected by the presence of outliers in your data compared to the mean.

median_low( ): Low median of data is calculated when the number of data points is odd. Here the middle value is usually returned. When it is even, the smaller of the two middle values is returned.

median_high( ): High median of data is calculated when the number of data points is odd. Here, the middle value is usually returned. When it is even, the larger of the two middle values is returned.

Mode

mode( ): Mode (most common value) of discrete data. The mode (when it exists) is the most typical value and is a robust measure of central location.

Measures of Dispersion

Measures of dispersion are statistics that describe how data varies, usually relative to the typical value. While measures of centre give us an idea of the typical value, measures of spread give us a sense of how much the data tends to diverge from the typical value.

These following functions (from the statistics module in python) calculate a measure of how much the population or sample tends to deviate from the typical or average values.

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Population Variance

pvariance( ): Returns the population variance of data. Use this function to calculate the variance from the entire population. To estimate the variance from a sample, the variance ( ) function is usually a better choice. When called with the entire population, this gives the population variance σ². When called on a sample instead, this is the biased sample variance s², also known as variance with N degrees of freedom.

Population Standard Deviation

pstdev( ): Return the population standard deviation (the square root of the population variance)

Sample Variance

variance ( ): Returns the sample variance of data, an iterable of at least two real-valued numbers. Variance, or second moment about the mean, is a measure of the variability (spread or dispersion) of data. A large variance indicates that the data is spread out; a small variance indicates it is clustered closely around the mean. If the optional second argument is given to the function, it should be the mean of data. This is the sample variance s² with Bessel’s correction, also known as variance with N-1 degrees of freedom.

Sample Standard Deviation

stdev( ): Returns the sample standard deviation (the square root of the sample variance)

Conclusion

So, this article focuses on describing and summarizing the datasets, also helping you to calculate numerical quantities in Python. It’s possible to get descriptive statistics with pure Python code, but that’s rarely necessary. In the next series of this blog we will see the Python statistics libraries which are comprehensive, popular, and widely used especially for this purpose.


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