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ARIMA (Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average)

Posted on January 27, 2021February 13, 2021 by Dexlab

This is another blog added to the series of time series forecasting. In this particular blog I will be discussing about the basic concepts of ARIMA model.

So what is ARIMA?

ARIMA also known as Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average is a time series forecasting model that helps us predict the future values on the basis of the past values. This model predicts the future values on the basis of the data’s own lags and its lagged errors.

When a data does not reflect any seasonal changes and plus it does not have a pattern of random white noise or residual then an ARIMA model can be used for forecasting.

There are three parameters attributed to an ARIMA model p, q and d :-

p :- corresponds to the autoregressive part

q:- corresponds to the moving average part.

d:- corresponds to number of differencing required to make the data stationary.

In our previous blog we have already discussed in detail what is p and q but what we haven’t discussed is what is d and what is the meaning of differencing (a term missing in ARMA model).

Since AR is a linear regression model and works best when the independent variables are not correlated, differencing can be used to make the model stationary which is subtracting the previous value from the current value so that the prediction of any further values can be stabilized . In case the model is already stationary the value of d=0. Therefore “differencing is the minimum number of deductions required to make the model stationary”. The order of d depends on exactly when your model becomes stationary i.e. in case the autocorrelation is positive over 10 lags then we can do further differencing otherwise in case autocorrelation is very negative at the first lag then we have an over-differenced series.

The formula for the ARIMA model would be:-

To check if ARIMA model is suited for our dataset i.e. to check the stationary of the data we will apply Dickey Fuller test and depending on the results we will using differencing.

In my next blog I will be discussing about how to perform time series forecasting using ARIMA model manually and what is Dickey Fuller test and how to apply that, so just keep on following us for more.

So, with that we come to the end of the discussion on the ARIMA Model. Hopefully it helped you understand the topic, for more information you can also watch the video tutorial attached down this blog. The blog is designed and prepared by Niharika Rai, Analytics Consultant, DexLab Analytics DexLab Analytics offers machine learning courses in Gurgaon. To keep on learning more, follow DexLab Analytics blog.

A Beginner’s Guide to Credit Risk Modelling

Posted on April 30, 2020April 30, 2020 by Dexlab

When a lender starts a financial institution with the aim of lending money to entities, he is most strongly fortified against credit risk. He undertakes several measures to lower credit risk and this is called credit risk modelling.

“A good credit risk assessment can prevent avoidable losses for an organization. When a borrower is found to be a debtor, it could dent their creditworthiness. The lender will be skeptical about offering loans for fear of not getting it back,” says a report.

Credit risk assessment is done to gauge whether a borrower can pay back a loan. The credit risk of a consumer is determined by the five Cs – capacity to repay, associated collateral, credit history, capital, and the loan’s conditions.

“If a borrower’s credit risk is high, their loan’s interest rate will be increased. Credit risk shows the likelihood of a lender losing their loaned money to a borrower.”Credit risk highlights a borrower’s ability to honour his contractual agreements and repay loans.

“Conventionally, it deals with the risk every lender must be familiar with, which is losing the principal and interest owed. The aftermath of this is a disturbance to the lender’s cash flow and the possibility of losing more money in a bid to recover the loan.”

Credit Risk Modelling

While there is no pronounced way to determine the credit risk of an individual, credit risk modeling is an instrument that has largely come to be used by financial institutions to accurate measure credit risk.

“Credit risk modeling involves the use of data models to decide on two important issues. The first calculates the possibility of a default on the part of a loan borrower. The second determines how injurious such default will be on the lender’s financial statement.”

Financial Statement Analysis Models

Popular examples of these models include Moody’s RiskCalc and Altman Z-score. “The financial statements obtained from borrowing institutions are analyzed and then used as the basis of these models.”

Default Probability Models

The Merton model is a suitable example of this kind of credit risk modeling. The Merton model is also a structural model. Models like this take into account a company’s capital structure “because it is believed here that if the value of a company falls below a certain threshold, then the company is bound to fail and default on its loans”.

Machine Learning Models

“The influence of machine learning and big data on credit risk modeling has given rise to more scientific and accurate credit risk models. One example of this is the Maximum Expected Utility model.”

The 5Cs of Credit Risk Evaluation

These are quantitative and qualitative methods adopted for the evaluation of a borrower.

Character

“This generally looks into the track record of a borrower to know their reputation in the aspect of loan repayment.”

Capacity

“This takes the income of the borrower into consideration and measures it against their recurring debt. This also delves into the borrower’s debt-to-income (DTI) ratio.”

Capital

The amount of money a borrower is willing to contribute to a potential project can determine if the lender will lend him money.

Collateral

“It gives the lender a win-win situation, in the sense that upon a default, the lender can sell the collateral to recover the loan.”

Conditions

“This takes information such as the amount of principal and interest rate into consideration for a loan application. Another factor that can be considered as conditions is the reason for the loan.”

Conclusion

There is no formula anywhere that exposes the borrower who is going to default on loan repayment. However, the proper assessment of credit risk can go a long way in reducing the impact of a loss on a lender. For more on this, do visit the DexLab Analytics website today. DexLab Analtyics is a premiere institute that provides credit risk analysis courses online.

How Machine Learning Technology is Enhancing Credit Risk Modeling

Posted on November 5, 2018March 28, 2020 by Dexlab

How Machine Learning Technology is Enhancing Credit Risk Modeling

Risk is an intrinsic part of the money lending system. There’s always the chance that customers borrowing money from financial institutions fail to repay their loans. And to determine the exact probability of a customer paying off a loan or defaulting on it, banks and other lenders rely on credit risk modeling.

Next-Gen Credit Assessment Techniques

The credit situation has changed a lot from how it used to be ten years ago. And to keep up, lenders must also evolve by identifying and responding to issues in real-time. Credit risk strategy has become more complex and multiple factors need to be weighed to arrive at the correct decision that’s both profitable for the enterprise and customer. Sophisticated models that contain more than one dimension, such as additional information about a customer’s finance and behavior patterns, are in demand. These models help get a 360 degree view of the customer’s financial condition.

Moreover, banks want to provide broader financial inclusion with the intention that more customers get credit scores and avail their financial services. But they need to keep a check on their risk levels too. Traditional credit assessment techniques having linear nature, for example logistic regression, are useful, but only till a point.

Neural Networks

Recent developments in neural networks have greatly improved credit risk modeling and seem to provide a solution to the above mentioned problem. One such breakthrough is the NeuroDecision Technology from Equifax that facilitates more inclusive models, so scores and consent can be given to a bigger and varied group of customers.

Machine Learning (ML) is a fast-moving field and neural networks are used within deep learning, which is an advanced form of ML. It has the potential to make more accurate predictions and go beyond the linear analysis methods of logistic regression. This is a positive development for both the business and its customers.

Linear Vs. Inclusive

What happens in a logistic regression model is that all customers above a straight line (prime) get approved, whereas everyone falling below that line (subprime) gets rejected. Hence, customers who are working hard towards creating a good credit profile but fall just below prime get declined repeatedly. Despite this problem, traditional linear models are widely used because outcomes can be easily conveyed to customers, which helps to be in sync with consumer credit regulations that demand higher transparency.

On the other hand, neural networks lead to non-linear or curved arcs that include those customers who aren’t yet prime, but are evidently moving in the right direction. This increases the ‘approved customer’ base, which is beneficial for the business because customers are being served better and the enterprise is growing. This model is advantageous from the perspective of customers also as it allows more people to access mainstream financial services. The only problem is explaining the outcome to customers as neural networks tend to be rather complex.

Concluding Note

Many companies are producing robust credit modeling tools employing deep learning techniques. And these game-changing developments highlight the fact that they are just the starting point of a series of interesting developments ahead.

You can be a part of this exciting and booming field too! Just enroll for credit risk modeling certification at DexLab Analytics. Detailed courses chalked out and taught by industry professionals ensure that you get the best credit risk training in Delhi.

Role of Chief Risk Officers: From Managing Only Credit Risks to Playing Key Roles in Big Banks

Posted on May 28, 2018May 28, 2018 by Dexlab

Role of Chief Risk Officers: From Managing Only Credit Risks to Playing Key Roles in Big Banks

The job responsibilities of chief risk officers (CROs) have evolved drastically over the last two decades. CROs are playing key profitable roles is some of the world’s biggest banks. In the face of the global financial crisis, risk departments, particularly CROs, are handling many more tasks apart from what they were managing twenty years back, like modeling credit and market risks and avoiding fines and criminal investigations. The list of responsibilities entrusted to the CROs has grown exponentially since the last two decades. Operational risk that are quantifiable through capital necessities and penalties for nonconformity was actually developed from a set of unquantifiable ‘’other’’ risks.

Cyber risk:

In the present times, cyber risk has become one of the most pressing global problems that the risk departments need to cope with. The number of cyber hacks is on the rise, wreaking havoc on daily lives as well as social settings. For example, Bank of America and Wells Fargo were among the major institutes hit by the DDoS attack of 2012. It is one of the biggest cyber attacks till date, which affected nearly 80 million customers. In 2016, Swift hack was only a typo away from disrupting the global banking network.

‘’What is called ‘operational resilience’ has spun out of business continuity and operational risk, financial crime, technology and outsourcing risk- anything with risk in the title, somehow there is an expectation that it will gravitate to risk management as their responsibility,’’ says Paul Ingram, CRO of Credit Suisse International. The array of responsibilities for a CRO is so immense, including regulatory compliance, liquidity risk, counterparty risk, stress-test strategy, etc, that it is imperative for the CRO to be a part of the board of directors.

Previously, CROs reported to finance director; now they are present on the board itself. They are playing crucial roles in forming strategies and executing them, whereas around two decades ago they were only involved in risk control. The strategies should be such that the capital allocated by the board is utilized optimally, neither should the limits be exceeded nor should it be under-utilized. CROs add value to the business and are responsible for 360 degree risk assessment across the entire bank.

Banks are tackling problems like digital disruption, rising operational costs and increased competition from the non-banking sector. CROs play a crucial role in helping banks deal with these issues by making the best use of scarce resources and optimizing risk-return profiles.

Regulatory attack:

‘’Since the crisis, CROs have had their hands full implementing a vast amount of regulation,’’ says BCG’s Gerold Grasshoff. However, regulation has almost reached its apex, so CROs must now use their expertise to bring in more business for their institutions and help them gain a competitive advantage. CROs need to play active roles in finding links between the profits and losses of their businesses and balance sheets and regulatory ratios.

Risk departments were once the leaders in innovations pertaining to credit and market risk modeling. They must utilize the tactics that kept them at the forefront of innovation to help their institutions generate improved liquidity, asset and fund expenditure metrics. Their skill in spotting, checking and gauging risk is essential to provide risk-related counsel to clients. Risk departments can team up with Fintechs and regtechs to improve efficiencies in compliance and reporting sections and also enable digitizing specific risk operations.

Thus risk departments, especially CROs can add a lot of value to the banking infrastructure and help steer the institutes forward.

Credit risk modeling is an essential part of financial risk management. To develop the necessary knowledge required to model risks, enroll for credit risk analytics training at DexLab Analytics. We are the best credit risk modeling training institute in Delhi.

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Predictive Analytics: What It is and Why It’s Important for Businesses

Posted on April 30, 2018May 23, 2020 by Dexlab

Did you know that 2.5 quintillion bytes of data are generated on a daily basis? Big data is a valuable asset for companies provided that this data can be utilized to improve their performance. Companies employ predictive analytics to uncover hidden patterns in data and develop quick and efficient strategies that will steer their businesses forward.

IMB Watson is a popular predictive analytics processor that employs natural language processing technology to analyze human speech. IBM Watson can analyze a vast amount of data, often in a fraction of a second, to answer human-framed questions.

What is predictive analytics?

Predictive analytics use a combination of statistical modeling and machine learning techniques to determine the likelihood of future events based on historical data, which can come from structured, unstructured and semi-structured sources. A good example of the use of predictive analytics is the preparation of a credit report of a customer by a financial institution.

Credit Score:

Financial lenders use predictive analytics to scrutinize relevant data of an individual who has applied for a loan, including data pertaining to the individual’s current assets and debts, his/her employment and history of paying off loans. All this data is analyzed and boiled down to a single value known as credit score. This value represents the lending risk and helps the lender determine a customer’s creditworthiness. The higher the credit score, the more confident is the lender that the customer will fulfill his/her credit obligation.

Predictive analytics help lenders make quick and efficient decisions, such as accepting or rejecting a customer and increasing or decreasing their loan value. Credit risk modeling training has become extremely important across many sectors, including banking, insurance and retail.

Importance of predictive analytics:

Thanks to the plethora or new age analytics tools and software, predictive analytics make it easier for organizations to plan the future and gain competitive advantage.

Below are some ways in which predictive analytics are used:

To predict the probability of certain diseases affecting a specific group of people so that the necessary preventive healthcare measures can be taken.
To predict the probability of certain machine parts failing so that preventive maintenance can be administered.
To predict the probability of an interruption in a business’s supply chain.
To predict customer behavior.
To predict safety risks on railroads.
To predict traffic flows and the infrastructure requirements of a city.

How businesses use predictive analytics:

It is imperative for every company to include predictive analytics in their technology portfolio. The major vendors of predictive analytics include SAP, IBM, Oracle, SAS, Information Builders, etc. Their on-premise and cloud-based versions give companies a lot of options to choose their predictive analytics tools from.

On-premise predictive analytics systems are used by companies requiring high level of analytical power and predictive intelligence. These include companies in the drug and pharmaceutical sector; companies working on life science fields like genomics; and research institutes and universities.

Cloud-based versions provide predictive analytics solutions to companies on a per usage or subscription basis. These are highly beneficial for small and medium sized companies where predictive analytics aren’t the core component, but they are still critical for their success and need to be fitted in a stipulated IT budget. Companies can use the ‘’try and buy’’ facility provided by cloud-vendors to test if a particular software is working for them before finalizing a contract.

Companies that lack prior experience in predictive analytics can opt for SaaS (Software as a Service), which are cloud-based solutions with expertise in a specific sector, for example healthcare.

Role of Business Leaders:

Business leaders must be skilled in using the insights provided by predictive analytics to develop strategies that drive their businesses forward. This includes two things; firstly coming up with well-construed questions and secondly identifying the right kind of data to analyze. These will determine whether predictive analytics is working for a company or not.

Companies in all industry verticals are employing predictive analytics to formulate future strategies. As mentioned in a report- ‘’the global market for predictive analytics is projected to grow to $3.6 billion USD by 2020.”

To more about predictive analytics follow Dexlab Analytics– a premier analytics training institute in Gurgaon. Do take a look at their credit risk modeling courses.

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How Fintechs Help Optimize the Operation of Banking Sector

Posted on April 13, 2018April 18, 2018 by Dexlab

Financial technology- Fintech plays a key role in the rapidly evolving payment scenario. Fintech companies provide improved solutions that affect consumer behavior and facilitate widespread change in the banking sector. Changes in data management pertaining to the payment industry is occurring at a fast pace. Cloud-based solution and API technology (Application Programming Interfaces) has played a major role in boosting the start-up sector of online payment providers like PayPal and Stripe. As cited in a recent PwC report over 95% of traditional bankers are exploring different kinds of partnerships with Fintechs.

Interpreting consumers’ spending behavior has enhanced payment and data security. Credit risk modeling help card providers identify fraudulent activities. The validity of a transaction can be checked using the GPS system in mobile phones. McKinsey, the consulting firm has identified that the banking sector can benefit the most from the better use of consumer and market data. Technological advancements have led to the ease of analyzing vast data sets to uncover hidden patterns and trends. This smart data management system helps banks create more efficient and client-centric solutions. This will help banks to optimize their internal system and add value to their business relationship with customers.

Role of Big Data

Over the past two years, the digital revolution has created more data than in the previous history of humankind. This data has wide-ranging applications such as the banks opening their credit lines to individuals and institutions with lesser-known credit-score and financial history. It provides insurance and healthcare services to the poor. It also forms the backbone of the budding P2P lending industry which is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 48% year-on-year between 2016 and 2024.

The government has channelized the power of digital technologies like big data, cloud computing and advanced analytics to counter frauds and the nuisance of black money. Digital technologies also improve tax administration. Government’s analysis of GST data states that as on December 2017, there were 9.8 million unique GST registrations which are more than the total Indirect Tax registrations under the old system. In future big data will help in promoting financial inclusion which forms the rationale of the digital-first economy drive.

Small is becoming Conventional

Fintechs apart from simplifying daily banking also aids in the financial empowerment of new strata and players. Domains like cyber security, work flow management and smart contracts are gaining momentum across multiple sectors owing to the Fintech revolution. For example workflow management solution for MSMEs (small and medium enterprises) is empowering the industry which contributes to 30% of the country’s GDP. It also helps in the management of business-critical variables such as working capital, payrolls and vendor payments. Fintechs through their foreign exchange and trade solutions minimizes the time taken for banks to processing letter of credit (LC) for exporters. Similarly digitizing trade documents and regulatory agreements is crucial to find a permanent solution for the straggling export sector.

Regulators become Innovators

According to the ‘laissez-faire’ theory in economics, the markets which are the least regulated are in fact the best-regulated. This is owing to the fact that regulations are considered as factors hindering innovations. This in turn leads to inefficient allocation of resources and chokes market-driven growth. But considering India’s evolving financial landscape this adage is fast losing its relevance. This is because regulators are themselves becoming innovators.

The Government of India has taken multiple steps to keep up with the global trend of innovation-driven business ecosystem. Some state-sponsored initiatives to fuel the innovative mindset of today’s generation are Startup India with an initial corpus of Rs 10,000 crore, Smart India Hackathon for crowd-sourcing ideas of specific problem statements, DRDO Cyber Challenge and India Innovation growth Program. This is what enabled the Indian government to declare that ‘young Indians will not be job seekers but job creators’ at the prestigious World Economic Forum (WEF).

From monitoring policies and promoting the ease of business, the role of the government in disruptive innovations has undergone a sea change. The new ecosystem which is fostering innovations is bound to see a plethora of innovations seizing the marketplace in the future. Following are two such steps:

IndiaStack is a set of application programming interface (APIs) developed around India’s unique identity project, Aadhaar. It allows governments, businesses, start-ups and developers to utilize a unique digital infrastructure to solve the nation’s problems pertaining to services that are paperless, presence-less and cashless.
NITI Ayog, the government’s think tank is developing Indiachain, the country’s largest block chain. Its vision is to reduce frauds, speed up enforcement of contracts, increase transparency of transactions and boost the agricultural economy of the country. There are plans to link Indiachain to IndiaStack and other digital identification databases.

As these initiatives start to unfold, India’s digital-first economy dream will soon be realized.

Advances in technologies like Retail Analytics and Credit Risk Modeling will take the guesswork and habit out of financial decisions. ‘’Learning’’ apps will not only learn the habit of users but will also engage users to improve their spending and saving decisions.

To know more about risk modeling follow Dexlab Analytics and take a look at their credit risk analytics and modeling training course.

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Breaking the Misconceptions: 4 Myths Regarding Data-Driven Financial Marketing

Posted on March 23, 2018May 23, 2020 by Dexlab

A majority of low-mid financial services companies toil under the wrong notion that owing to their capacity, size and scope, the complex data-driven marketing tactics are simply out of their reach – this is not true and frankly speaking quite a shame to consider even.

Over the past decade, the whole concept of data analytics has undergone a massive transformation – the reason being an extensive democratization of marketing tactics. Today’s mid-size financial service providers can easily implement marketing initiatives used by dominant players without any glitch.

Besides, there are several other misconceptions regarding data and its effect on financial marketing that we hear so often and few of them are as follows:

Myth1 – Legally, banks are only allowed to run broad-based advertising

While it’s partially true that there are certain restrictions on banking institutions when it comes to target consumers, based on income, age, ethnicity and other factors, marketers can still practice an array of tactics, both online and offline.

Marketers can leverage a pool of data for online and offline marketing to formulate data models, keeping in mind the existing customers need and preferences. Once you have an understanding of their online behavior, how they use the data power to carry out transactions, these insights can be applied to attract new customers, who exhibit similar behaviors.

Myth 2 – Data-driven marketing doesn’t bolster customer relationship

It’s a fact, Millennials, especially wants to be aware about financial services and its associated products, and are keen to understand how can banks lend an additional support to their living and social life. Companies can start building relationship based out of it, while implementing data-driven marketing perspective into them.

Myth 3 – You need a huge budget and an encompassing database to drive marketing campaigns

Corporate honchos and digital natives certainly maintain sprawling in-house database to boost marketing activities, but don’t be under the impression that mid-size institutions cannot leverage much from virtual datamart. The impressive SaaS-based solutions houses first-party data, safely and securely and offer you mechanisms that let you integrate with other third-party data, both online and offline.

Datamarts let mid-size marketers achieve a lot of crucial task success. Firstly, you will be able to link online user IDs with offline data – this lets you derive insights about your current customers, including their intents, interests and other details. The most important thing is that it will usher you to build customer models that could target newer customers for your bank.

Myth 4 – Data-driven marketing is too much time-consuming

A lot of conventional marketers are of the opinion data-driven marketing is a huge concept – time-consuming and labor-intensive. But, that’s nothing but a myth. Hundreds and thousands of mid-size companies develop models, formulate offers and execute campaigns within a 30-day window using a cool datamart.

However, the design and execution part of campaigns need no time, whereas the learning part needs some time. You need to learn how to develop such intricate models, and that’s where time is involved.

To ace on financial models, get hands-on training from credit risk analysis course online – DexLab Analytics offers superior credit risk management courses, along with data analytics, data science, python and R-Programming courses.

In the end, all that matters is prudent marketing campaigns powered by data yields better results than holding onto these misconceptions. So, break the shackles and embrace the power of data analytics.

The article has been sourced from – http://dataconomy.com/2017/08/5-misconceptions-data-driven-marketing

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How Credit Risk Modeling Is Used to Assess Credit Quality

Posted on December 30, 2017February 13, 2018 by Dexlab

Given the uproar on cyber crimes today, the issue of credit risk modeling is inevitable. Over the last few years, a wide number of globally recognized banks have initiated sophisticated systems to fabricate credit risk arising out of significant corporate details and disclosures. These adroit models are created with a sole intention to aid banks in determining, gauging, amassing and managing risk across encompassing business and product lines.

The more an institute’s portfolio expands better evaluation of individual credits is to be expected. Effective risk identification becomes the key factor to determine company growth. As a result, credit risk modeling backed by statistically-driven models and databases to support large volumes of data needs tends to be the need of the hour. It is defined as the analytical prudence that banks exhibit in order to assess the risk aspect of borrowers. The risk in question is dynamic, due to which the models need to assess the ability of a potential borrower if he can repay the loan along with taking a look at non-financial considerations, like environmental conditions, personality traits, management capabilities and more.

Continue reading “How Credit Risk Modeling Is Used to Assess Credit Quality”

Analyze the Risk of a Borrower with These Sure-fire Credit Risk Analytics Techniques

Posted on December 28, 2017February 13, 2018 by Dexlab

It’s a hard but true fact – no more do businesses survive without leverages. In a quest for success and expansion, they need to resort to debt, because equity alone fails to ensure survival. Be it funding a new project, fulfilling working capital requirement or expanding business operations, an organization needs funding for various corporate activities.

Talking of India, the credit market scenario in here is not so matured in comparison to other developed countries; hence there exists an excessive dependency level on conventional banking structure. Nevertheless, raising finance from issuance of bonds by companies is also not so rare – majority of companies in need of capital raise money from bonds and shares and this practice is widely prevalent throughout the nation.

Continue reading “Analyze the Risk of a Borrower with These Sure-fire Credit Risk Analytics Techniques”

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