While some of these techniques may be a little out of date and most of them have evolved over time greatly, for the past 10 years rendering most of these tools completely different and much more efficient to use. But here are few bad techniques in predictive modelling that are still widely in use in the industry:
1. Using traditional decision trees: usually too large decision trees are usually really complex to handle and almost impossible to analyze for even the most knowledgeable data scientist. They are also prone to over-fitting which is why they are best avoided. Instead we recommend that you combine multiple small decision trees into one than using a single large decision tree to avoid unnecessary complexity.
According to figures released by IBM opine that no less than 2.5 quintillion bytes created on a daily basis. Also it is worthwhile to note that a whopping 90% of the total data in the world have been created only in last two years.
In simple terms data is just pieces of information. The highly prominent concept of our times owes its origins to large data amounts which are derived from all sorts of computing devices. This data is then stored, collated and combined with the sophisticated tools for analytics available today.
Big Data is helpful to a broad spectrum of people from marketers to researchers. It helps them to understand the world around them and take optimized action through insights. Students too stand to benefit from Big Data a great deal and in this post we look at two ways through which Big Data may affect the lives of students.
It Helps To Be More Effective
Teachers have always been an informed lot, using data in order to optimize the practices and methods, Big Data facilitates the creation of far more powerful ways through which teachers and students may connect. As the focus shifts towards personalized learning, teachers are in a position to utilize more data than ever before.
This may be achieved through monitoring of study materials and how they are used by students in order to deliver more targeted instruction. With Big Data teachers will be able to better understand the needs of students and adapt lessons effectively and swiftly and in the end make decisions about enhanced learning for students, driven on the basis of data.
There is a Huge Demand for Data Scientists
Data Science was dubbed as the sexiest job of this century by Harvard Business Review and with good reason. People are just beginning to explore the possibilities enabled by Big Data and the need of skilled people in the field will only continue to increase in the years to come. Data Scientists have the ability to mine through data to the benefit of their employers including but not restricted to governments, businesses and of course, the academia.
McKinsey Global Institute reported that by 2018 there will be a shortage of no less than 190,000 persons with skills in deep analytics in the United States of America alone. There is no shortage for opportunities in this field and there are numerous programs all over the world that smooth out the career transition to Big Data. Work arrangements that display flexibility, more than decent compensation packages and the opportunity to make a significant impact are the added bonuses that go along being a data scientist.
We may conclude by saying that though Big Data is still emerging it held by most experts to be the undeniable future not only for those pursuing studies in data science and making careers in the field but to all the people whose lives are changed for the better through Big Data.
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Following a massive explosion in the world of data has made the slow paced statisticians into the most in-demand people in the job market right now. But why are all companies whether big or small out for data analysts and scientists?
Companies are collecting data from all possible sources, through PCs, smart phones, RFID sensors, gaming devices and even automotive sensors. However, just the volume of data is not the main factor that needs to be tackled efficiently, because that is not the only factor that is changing the business environment, but there is the velocity as well as variety of data as well which is increasing at light speed and must be managed with efficacy.
Why data is the new frontier to boost your sales figures?
Earlier the sales personnel were the only people from whom the customers gathered data about the products but today there are various sources from where customers can gather data so people are no longer that heavily reliant on the availability of data.
Hadoop is being increasingly used by companies of diverse scope and size and they are realizing that running Hadoop optimally is a tough call. As a matter of fact it is not humanly possible to respond to the changing conditions in real time as these may take place across several nodes in order to fix dips in performance or those that are causing bottlenecks. This performance degradation is exactly what needsto be critically remedied in cases where Hadoop is deployed on large scales where Hadoop is expected to deliver results critical to your business in the proper time. The following three signs signal the health of your Hadoop cluster.
The Out of Capacity Problem
The true test of your Hadoop infrastructure comes to fore when you are able to efficiently run all of your jobs and complete them within adequate time. In this it is not rare to come across instances where you have seemingly run out of capacity as you are unable to run additional application. However monitoring tools indicate that are not making full use of processing capability or other resources. The primary challenge that now lies before you is to sort out the root cause of the problem you have. Most often you will find them to be related to the YARN architecture that is used by Hadoop.YARN is static in nature and after the scheduling of jobs the process of adjusting system and network resources. The solution lies in configuring YARN to deal with worst case scenarios.
Big data Hadoop courses are hitting it big in the world of business whether it is healthcare, manufacturing, media or marketing. Data is generated everywhere, and Hadoop is a readily available open source Apache software program that can be utilized to crunch and store Big Data sets.
As per reports from the Transparency Market Research the forecast shows a promising growth opportunity from the existing USD 1.5 million back in 2012 to USD 20.8 million within 2018. These promising growth numbers suggest that there will be an increased need for human resources to manage, develop and oversee all the Hadoop implementations.
Many experts believe that one can learn any new subject by simple self-study if only you invest enough time and sincere predisposition towards a topic. After all self-study is actually what a person does to acquire knowledge about any given topic. Be it how to fix a leaky faucet or learn a new language or learn strum a guitar. Studying is on one’s own in any case. But to be an expert in a given field, you have to study on your own while you also need to invest your energy in the right direction. And to know the right direction, you need a mentor or a guide to lead the way.
But if you want to test the waters, and tinker with Hadoop to understand its basics, you can go through the wide range of documents available at the Apache Hadoop website for your perusal. Also try downloading the Hadoop open source release to get the feel of the program while tinkering with different features.
Here are 5 online sources where you can seek some basic introduction to Hadoop for big data:
IBM’s open sources, Hadoop Big Data for the Impatient is a good option to go through the basics of Hadoop. It also offers a free download of Hadoop image (you might need Cloudera) to help you work with examples of Hadoop-based problems. You will also be able to get an idea of Hive, Oozie, Pig and Sqoop. The course is available in Vietnamese, Chinese, Spanish and Portuguese.
Cloudera offers a Cloudera essentials course for Apache Hadoop. Apache Hadoop chapter wise video tutorials are available with Cloudera essentials. But this course is mainly targeted at administrators and those who are well-acquainted with data science, to update their skills on the subject.
YouTube also offers a long list of videos on Hadoop topics for beginners. Some are good while others may not be so helpful for the Hadoop virgins. Simply type Hadoop and you will find a never-ending list of videos related to Hadoop. Some are quite useful for clarifying simple doubts related to Hadoop.
Udemy is another site where you can get some free videos as well as a few for a fee. Simply put Hadoop free on the search bar at their homepage and see what comes up.
Udacity was developed by Silicon Valley giants like FaceBook, Cadence, Twitter and the likes. They offer a 14-day free trial with free course materials. But you will need to pay for the course if you do not finish the course within 14 days.
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The data that is derived from the Internet of Things may easily be used to make analysis and performance of equipment as well as do activity tracking for drivers and users with wearable devices. But provisions in IT need to be significantly increased.Intelligent Mechatronic Systems(IMS) collects on an average data points no fewer than 1.6billion on a daily basis from automobiles in Canada and U.S.
The data is collected from hundreds of thousands of cars that have on board devices tracking acceleration, the distance traversed, the use of fuel as well as other information related to the operation of the vehicle.This data is then used as a means of supporting insurance programs that are based on use.Christopher Dell, IMS’s senior director recently stated they they were aware that the data available were of value, but what was lacking is the knowledge on how to utilize it.
But in the August of 2015, after a project that lasted for a year, IMS added to its arsenal a NoSQL database with Pentaho providing tools related to data integration and analytics. This lets the data scientists of the company increased flexibility to format the information. This enables the team of analytics to make micro analysis of the driving behavior of customers so that trends and patterns that might potentially enable insurers to customize the rates and policies based on usage.
In addition to this the company further is pursuing an aggressive growth policy through asmartphone app which will further enhance its abilities to collect data from vehicles and smart home systems making use of the Internet of Things.Similar to the case of IMS, organizations that look forward to analyze and collect data gathered from the IoT or the Internet of Things but often find that they need an upgrade of their IT architecture. This principle applies to enterprise as well as consumer sides of the IoT divide.
The boundaries of business increasingly fade away as data is gathered from fitness trackers, diagnostic gears, sensors used in industries, smartphones. The typical upgrade includes updating to big data management technologies like Hadoop, the processing engine Spark,NoSQL databases in addition to advanced tools of analytics with support for applications drivenby algorithms. In other cases all it is needed for the needs of data analytics is the correct combination of IoT data.
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Aadhaar project from our very own India happens to on the most ambitious projects relying on Big Data ever to be undertaken. The goal is for the collection, storage and utilization of the biometric details of a population that has crossed the billion mark years ago. It is needless to say that a project of such epic proportions presents tremendous challenges but also gives rise to an incredible opportunity according to MapR, the company that is serving the technology behind the execution of this project.
Aadhaar is in its essence a 12 digit number assigned to a person / an individual by the UIDA , the abbreviated form of “Unique Identification Authority of India” The project was born in 2009 and had former Infosys CEO and co-founder Nandan Nilekani as its first chairman and the architect of this grand project which needed much input in terms of the tech involved.
The intention is to make it an unique identifier for all Indian citizens and prevent the use of false identities and fraudulent activities. MapR which is head-quartered in California is the distributor and developer of “Apache APA +0.00% Hadoop” has been putting into use its extensive experience in integrating web-scale enterprise storageand real-time database tech, for the purposes of this project.
According to John Schroeder who is the CEO and co-founder of MapR, the project presents multiple challenges including analytics, storage and making sure that the data involved remains accurate and secure amidst authentications that amount to several millions over the course of each passing day.Individual persons are provided with their number and a iris-scan or fingerprint is taken so that their identity might be proved and queried to and matched from the database backbone to a headshot photo of the person. Each day witnesses over a hundred million verifications of identity and all this needs to be done in real-time in about 200 milliseconds.
India has a percentage of rural population many of which are yet to be connected to the digital grid and as Schroeder continues the solution had to be economical and be reliable even under low bandwidth situations and technology behind it needed to be resilient which would work even with areas with low levels of connectivity.
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If you are a Big Data analyst looking for open position in the entry to mid level range of experience then you should prepare yourself with the following resources in your arsenal before you storm an interview with all guns blazing.
Adequate Expertise of Analytical tools like SAS for the processing of data
Make sure that you assign most of the time you have set aside for the preparation of your upcoming interview to brush up your knowledge regarding the tools of analytics that are relevant in your context. Ensure that you acquire proficiency in the analytics tool of your choice. For positions of junior levels the importance of expertise with a particular analytical tool like Hadoop, R or SAS cannot be overstressed. In such circumstances the focus centers around data preparation and processing. It is highly advisable that you review concepts related to the import and manipulation of data, the ability to read data even if it not standard say for example data whose input file types are multiple in number and mixed data formats. You also get to show off your skills at efficiently joining multiple datasets, selecting conditionally the observations or rows of data, how to go about heavy duty data processing of which SQL or macros are the most critical.
Make a Proper Review of End to End Business Process
This is most relevant towards candidates who have prior experience at working in the Big Data and Analytics industry. Prior experience inevitably gives rise to interviewers wanting to know more about the responsibilities that you shouldered and your role in the business process and how you fitted in the context of the broader picture. You should be able to convey to the interviewer that the data source is understood by you along with its processing and use.
A solid concept of the rudiments of statistics and algorithms
Again this tip is also for those with prior experience. Recruiters seek to know whether you are aware of issues likely to be faced by you while you confront problems regarding data and business. Even freshers are expected to know the fundamental concepts of statistics like rejection criteria, hypothesis testing outcomes, measures of model validation and the statistics related assumptions that a candidate must know about in order to implement algorithms of various sorts. In order to crack the interview you must be prepared with adequate knowledge of concepts related to statistics.
Prepare Yourself with At Least 2 Case Studies related to Business
The person on the other side of the interview table will undoubtedly try to make an assessment about your knowledge as far as business analytics is concerned and not solely to the proficiency you command in your tool of choice. Devote time to review projects on analytics you already have worked on if you have prior experience. Be prepared to elucidate on the business problem, the steps that were involved in the processing of data and the algorithm put into use in the creations of the models and reasons behind, and the way the results of the model was implemented. The interviewer might also ask about the challenges faced by you at any stage of the whole process, so keep in mind the issues faced by you in the past and their eventual resolution.
Make Sure that Your Communication Remains Effective
If you are unable to effectively communicate then no much diligent preparations you make, they will be of no use. You can try out mock interviews and answering questions that the recruiter might ask. Spare yourself of the trouble of framing effective answers at the moment when the question is asked during an interview. Though you perhaps will be unable to anticipate each and every question, nevertheless but prior preparation will result in better and more coherent answers.
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Hive organizes data using Partitions. By use of Partition, data of a table is organized into related parts based on values of partitioned columns such as Country, Department. It becomes easier to query certain portions of data using partition.
Partitions are defined using command PARTITIONED BY at the time of the table creation.
We can create partitions on more than one column of the table. For Example, We can create partitions on Country and State.
It’s used for distributing execution load horizontally.
Query response is faster as query is processed on a small dataset instead of entire dataset.
If we selected records for US, records would be fetched from directory ‘Country=US’ from all directories.
Limitations:
Having large number of partitions create number of files/ directories in HDFS, which creates overhead for NameNode as it maintains metadata.
It may optimize certain queries based on where clause, but may cause slow response for queries based on grouping clause.
It can be used for log analysis, we can segregate the records based on timestamp or date value to see the results day wise / month wise.
Another use case can be, Sales records by Product –type , Country and month.
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