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Statistical Application in R and Python: Calculating Binomial Distribution

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Statistical Application in R and Python: Calculating Binomial Distribution

In this blog, we will take a look at the Binomial distribution. This blog is among the series of blogs through which you’ll have a vivid idea of the Statistical Application using R and Python. Statistical Application In R & Python: Chapter 1 – Measure Of Central Tendency is the first of such blogs.

The binomial distribution is an extension of the Bernoulli distribution. In Bernoulli, we have only one parameter, i.e. the probability of success.

Now, consider a case where we have “n” number of trials and we want to predict the probability of success from it. This is the Binomial case.

Binomial distribution has two parameters, i.e.: number of trails (n) AND probability of success (p). The mean of the binomial is a product of its two parameters, i.e. n multiplied by p. It is a discrete probability distribution. Here, each trial is assumed to have only two outcomes, either success or failure.

If X be a discrete random variable (taking only non-negative values), it is said to be following binomial distributions with a probability mass function as:-


Application:

A food shop starts a offer for a festive season, They have 12 different baskets, each basket has 5 combos and only 1 of them is non-veg. Find the probability of having 4 or less non-veg combos, if a consumer tries every combos at random.

Since, only 1 out of 5 combos is non-veg, the probability of choose a non-veg combos by random is 1/5 = 0.2

Calculate Binomial Distribution in R:

In R the probability of one non-veg combos choose by random in 5 is 13.28%, whereas the probability of four or less combos choose by random in a twelve baskets is 92.44%

Calculate Binomial Distribution in Python:

In Python the probability of one non-veg combos choose by random in 5 is 16.66%.

Conclusion:-

Binomial Distribution is the process by which we can calculate the probability of success from “n” number of trails. In Binomial Distribution we can find only two outcomes like “Yes” or “No”.

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How to Effectively Pursue your Dream Career in Market Analysis? A Go To Guide!

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How to Effectively Pursue your Dream Career in Market Analysis? A Go To Guide!

Being a Market Analyst in these days is synonymous to sealing the deal, where you don’t have to worry about your salary and many other perks which varies from company to company. But, it’s not an easy-peasy way to success in here.

A Market Analyst is heaped with a huge amount of responsibilities day in and day out, involving a colossal amount of data and analysing them to perfection. With the help of these data, they have to come up with innovative ideas to boost the business of the company.

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Some of the other responsibilities include:

  • Exploring and analysing the tactics of the competitors, market conditions and the consumer demographics flawlessly.
  • Studying the customer opinions, buying habits, customers’ wants and needs.
  • Converting the collection of data into interactive presentations, tables and texts to bring them to the effective use for the benefit of the company.
  • Coming up with improved approach to collect data, comprising of surveys, interviews, questionnaires and more.

These are a few of the highlights of the jobs assigned to a Market Analyst. You can catch some more of them at A Market Analyst and His Job: An Overview!

Want to Become a Market Analyst? Here’s What You Should Go For!

Now, if you are a newbie and interested to pursue a career in Market Analysis, you shall always opt for the best customer marketing analysis training in the country, besides having:

  1. A Degree in Statistics, Computer Science, Economics or Business Administration – When it comes to Market Analysis, all they want is to interview the candidates with a Bachelor’s Degree in maths, statistics, computer science, business administration or economics. Some of the companies also shortlist the candidates from the field of communications. Furthermore, specialist degrees in marketing research and consumer psychology prove exceptional.
  2. Manoeuvre your Technical and Business Skills towards Analytic Thinking – Analytic thinking is the thing that would take you for miles on end, regardless of your skill set. Besides, the skills which you should be needing are:

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Technical Skills:

  • Proficient with Statistical Analysis software, like, R, SAS and SPSS.
  • Well-versed in SQL databases and database querying languages.
  • Good programming skills.
  • Known to business intelligence and reporting software.
  • Customer Market Analysis courses.

At the end, we will provide you some business skills that you can develop to pursue your dreams smoothly:

  • Analytic problem solving skills.
  • Developing a habit of critical thinking.
  • Effective communication skills.
  • An impressive knowledge of the industry.

Grab an insight of this article in order to get a grasp of the stream of Market Analysis and how to become a Market Analyst! For more such informative blogs related to computer science and the evolving technologies of Python, Data Science, Big Data and AI, visit Dexlab Analytics. You can also follow us on Facebook and LinkedIn for any updates and queries about our courses and the teaching staffs.

 

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Statistical Application of R & Python: Know Skewness & Kurtosis and Calculate it Effortlessly

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Statistical Application of R & Python: Know Skewness & Kurtosis and Calculate it Effortlessly

This is a blog which shall widen your approach on the Statistical Application using R & Python. You perhaps already have been calculating Geometric Mean using R & Python and are already aware of the Application of Harmonic Mean using R & Python. However, if you are eager to further your knowledge about Skewness & Kurtosis and interested to know of their application using R and Python, then this is the right place.

Skewness:

Skewness is a metric which tells us about the location of my dataset. That is, if you want to know where most of the values are concentrated on an ascending scale.

Skewness is of two kinds: Positive skew and Negative skew. A positively skewed dataset will have most of the values concentrated at the beginning of the scale. Eg: If a woman is asked to rate 100 tinder profiles based on the looks on a scale of 1 – 10, 1 being the ugliest and 10 being the most handsome. Then the resulting ratings will be positively skewed. This is to say that women are harsh critiques of looks.

Now, consider another example: Say if the wealth of the 1% richest people were to be plotted on a scale of say $0 – $200 billion. Then, most of the values will be concentrated at the end of the scale. This will be an example of a negatively skewed dataset.

In essence, skewness is the third central moment about mean and gives us a feel for the location of the data set values. It is recommended to go through STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R & PYTHON: CHAPTER 1 – MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY to have an understanding of the Central Tendency and its measures. Having no skewness will mean the data set is fairly symmetrical and has a bell shaped curve.

Where n is the sample size, Xi is the ith X value, X is the average and S is the sample standard deviation.  Note the exponent in the summation.  It is “3”.

Kurtosis:

Kurtosis is a statistical measure that’s used to describe, or Skewness, of observed data around the mean, sometimes referred to as the volatility to volatility. Kurtosis is used generally in the statistical field to describe trends in charts. Kurtosis can be present in a chart with fat tails and a low, even distribution, as well as be present in a chart with skinny tails and a distribution concentrated toward the mean.

Kurtosis for a normal distribution is 3.  Most software packages use the formula:


The types of kurtosis are:-


Application:

A person tries to analyze last 12months interest rate of the investment firm to understand the risk factor for the future investment.

The interest rates are:

12.05%, 13%, 11%, 18%, 10%, 11.5%, 15.08%, 21%, 6%, 8%, 13.2%, 7.5%.

Here is the table:

Months

(One Year)

Interest

Rate (%)

April12.05
May13
June11
July18
August10
September11.5
October15.08
November21
December6
January8
February13.2
March7.5


Calculate skewness & Kurtosis in R:

Calculate skewness & Kurtosis in R:
Calculating the Skewness & Kurtosis of interest rate in R, we get the positive skewed value, which is near to 0. The skewness of the interest rate is 0.5585253.

The kurtosis of the interest rate is 2.690519

Kurtosis is less than 3, so this is Platykurtic distribution.

Calculate Skewness & Kurtosis in Python:

Calculate Skewness & Kurtosis in Python:
Calculate Skewness & Kurtosis in Python:
Calculating the Skewness & Kurtosis of interest rate in Python, we get the positive skewed value and near from 0. The skewness of the interest rate is 0.641697.

The kurtosis of the interest rate is 0.241602.

Kurtosis is less than 3, so this is Platykurtic distribution.

Conclusion:

Firstly, according to the output of the data the value is positively skewed(R & Python), positive skewness indicates a distribution with an asymmetric tail extending toward more positive values.

And the kurtosis is less than 3 (R & Python), it is a platykurtic distribution. Positive kurtosis indicates a relatively peaked distribution. And the distribution is light tails.

Secondly, the value of the skewness and kurtosis are different in R and Python, but the actual effects are more or less the same. The results are different because skewness and kurtosis are calculated with different formulae or method for the measurement like Bowley’s measure, Pearson’s(First, Second) measures, Fisher’s measure & Moment’s measure. And different software (ex. R, Python, SAS, Excel etc) using different processes to calculate skewness & kurtosis brings the same ultimate result. The numerical values change only when the numbers are also changed. So, we sometimes get different results.

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There are numerous other blogs that you can follow with Dexlab Analytics. Also, if you want to explore computer vision course Python, neural network machine learning Python and more extensive courses on R & Python, then you can also join us and boost both your passion and career.

 

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Hacking is Wide and Dangerous in India, CBI Reports

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Hacking is Wide and Dangerous in India, CBI Reports

The recent conference organized by the Central Bureau of Investigation on Cyber forensic notes that over 22,000 websites were hacked in India between April 2017 – Jan 2018. Not the best of the news for the nation which is largely counting on their citizens to be tech-savvy.

In the conference, CBI disclosed of its plans to build a cutting edge Centralised Technology Vertical (CTV) to fight crimes, voiced by Minister of State for Personnel, Jitendra Singh. The CTV is a huge project involving around Rs 99 crore, which will not only share the real-time information about the cyber attacks but also of the perpetrators.

From young superintendents of police to top brass of security agencies, police forces, law enforcement officers and the Intelligence attended this conference and discussed about the alarming rise of cybercrimes throughout the country.

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The Major Issue

Jurisdictional issues were a main problem and hit greatly on the investigation in these cases because most of the incidents of cybercrimes are triggered from foreign lands. Though the total loss of money from the recent cybercrimes weren’t disclosed, some debilitating cases in cybercrimes were dicussed once again, which included the loss of USD 171 million from union Bank of India’s Swift.

To End it

To lessen the magnitude of the cybercrimes, the CBI is on their way towards reinforcing them with the state of the art technology. Besides, you can also take up courses in PHP, HTML, Python Certification Training in Delhi, to be informed of the trending languages and be future proof.

 

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Take a Deep Look on How Machine Learning Boosts Business Growth!

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Take a Deep Look on How Machine Learning Boosts Business Growth!

Machine Learning is the technology of the future and the rise of it is, well, shocking! Numerous businesses have already started adopting Machine Learning into their business strategy which is ultimately culminating towards their growth. You can also get the most of Machine Learning by going for the best Machine Learning course in India without wasting hours on the internet.

This new and improving technology is showing marked results in making a particular business more efficient, enhancing customer relationships and driving more sales than ever. You can get right on to Machine Learning Significantly Aids in Improving the Business Performance: Learn the Hows and learn about Machine Learning and its rising curve.

Here we have decided to discuss in details about the ways how Machine Learning is helping business touch great heights:

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Natural Language

One of the major setbacks in the industry of computer science was the inability of computers to comprehend our natural language or the way we speak in our everyday life. This is slowly changing with the rapid growth and considerable research and development on Machine Learning. 

It looks like we have come a long way from the crude search terms that we used to generate the results that we wanted. The AI-driven programs of now, with the help of Machine Learning, can figure out the essence of our conversations and also capitalizing largely on the nuances of our language. Most importantly, they learn from past experiences, which is highly progressive.

Logistics

The retail industry and that of logistics are largely relying on Python for Data Analysis and this in turn, is making them future-proof.

Retail giants like Amazon are encouraging the use of Machine Learning to sharpen the efficiency of their company with new features and technology like “anticipatory shopping” protocol. Retail analytics using Python is becoming formidable.

Even in the field of logistics, the inclusion of Machine Learning is proving a boon!

Manufacturing Industry

Innumerable manufacturing companies are adopting the budding technology of Machine Learning and utilizing it in almost every stage of production, simply because the AI-driven technology reduces unnecessary expenses. 

Companies like Seebo, are taking up Python seriously to build accurate data analytics software. Moreover, machine learning is estimated to cut down on the delivery times by 30% and surprisingly save fuel by 12%. According to the reports, the programs fed on AI would even reduce the maintenance costs by 20 – 30%.

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Consumer Data

We have already seen a world of data collection which has been on a rise for years. Now, finally, with the rise of machine learning, the companies are looking forward to making some use of all these data that they have accumulated. In the coming years, we will see AI improving powered by Machine Learning to make the world productive and smart all the more.

You can take a look at A DISCUSSION ABOUT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: KNOWING AI CLOSELY if you are interested in AI. Stay glued to our website for more updates and information from the world of technology!

 

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Calculating the Standard Deviation Using R & Python

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Calculating the Standard Deviation Using R & Python

When it comes to summarizing the data, standard deviation (σ) is the value which tells us about the spread of the data. More specifically, it gives information about the dispersion of each observation from the mean of the data. Now, if you are interested in understanding Mean and knowing how to calculate it, then we have shown you in CALCULATING GEOMETRIC MEAN USING R AND PYTHON And APPLICATION OF HARMONIC MEAN USING R AND PYTHON.

Thus, in essence standard deviation gives us valuable information about the robustness of the mean. The deviation is in both positive and negative direction of the mean.

Therefore, it is desirable for the standard deviation to be a low value in comparison to the mean. This would indicate a smaller spread.

Mathematically speaking, standard deviation is known as the second moment about Mean. Variance is standard deviation squared. The variance does not have any mathematical significance on its own. Think of the variance as a mere mathematical maneuver.

The formula for the Variance is:

Application:

An investor wants to calculate the Standard Deviation experience by his investment portfolio in last 12 months (Year 2017-2018).  The returns are:-

Month (Year 2017-18)

Returns (%)

April

12%

May

10%

June

-8%

July

4%

August

12.25%

September

18%

October

13%

November

-9%

December

-4%

January

3%

February

9%

March

11.05%

Calculate Standard Deviation in R:

Examining the Standard Deviation of the investment portfolio returns of a year in R, we get the deviation = 8.803533 or, 8.81% (Approx).

Calculate Standard Deviation in Python:

First, create a Data Frame in Python.

Now, calculate Standard Deviation of the returns,

Examining the Standard Deviation of the investment portfolio returns of a year in Python, we get the deviation = 8.803533209439092 or, 8.81% (Approx)

Standard Deviation is a key part of calculating margins of errors.

Standard deviation shows the variation from the mean. A low standard deviation indicates that the observations (series of number) are very close to the mean. A high standard deviation indicates that the observations (series of numbers) are spread out over a large range.

In this data the mean of the returns is 5.95%, and standard deviation is 8.81% which is close to the mean. So, the deviation of the data is low.

Thus, the investor now knows that the returns of his portfolio fluctuate by approximately 8.81% month-over-month. The information can be used to modify the portfolio to better the investor’s attitude towards risk. If the investor is risk-loving and is comfortable with investing in higher-risk, higher-return securities and can tolerate a higher standard deviation, he/she may consider adding in some small-cap stocks or high-yield bonds. Conversely, an investor who is more risk-averse may not be comfortable with this standard deviation and would want to add in safer investments such as large-cap stocks or mutual funds.

Endnotes

This article will surely help you to figure out the standard deviation with R and Python. However, if you want to have a general idea about Central tendency, about Mean, Median and Mode, then go through our blog on STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R & PYTHON: CHAPTER 1 – MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY.

For all other information about us and our courses, Dexlab Analytics is there with you. You can also follow us on Facebook and LinkedIn and go through our blogs to stay updated always.

 

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Machine Learning Significantly Aids in Improving the Business Performance: Learn the Hows

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Machine Learning Significantly Aids in Improving the Business Performance: Learn the Hows

According to Forbes, Machine Learning is quickly growing up to be the biggest technology for the progress of businesses of the future. Furthermore, it will be able to add another $2.6 trillion in value, to the sales and marketing industry by 2020. Even in the field of manufacturing and logistics, it is estimated to add up to $2 trillion.

We are already seeing the extensive support that the AI-driven technology is lending to varied businesses which have joined hands with Machine Learning. This collaboration is bringing forth shocking results for the businesses, improving customer relationships, fueling sales and increasing the overall efficiency of the industry.

The total investments in Machine Learning are estimated to scale up reaching the $77 billion mark. So, if you want to enrol yourself for quality Machine Learning courses then, avail of the best Machine Learning course in India.

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To Brief About Machine Learning

Machine Learning is a brand new and extremely progressive discipline at the core of which lies mathematics, statics and artificial intelligence (AI).

The basic difference between Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning is that the former deals with the engineers writing programs for the AI to carry out specific tasks. Whereas, Machine Learning demands the engineers to write algorithms that can teach computers to write programs for themselves.

Machine Learning stresses primarily on developing the intelligence of a program and its capability of learning from past experiences. Thus, they learn from every previous interaction and each of the experiences from the past and finally, churns out the fitting solution, no matter what the circumstance is.

Therefore, a large number of businesses are incorporating Machine Learning, leading to the growth of their businesses and making their business future proof.

Deep Learning and AI using Python

To list down some of the ways how Machine Learning boosts the business performance are:

  • This new technology aids in developing software to understand the natural human language.
  • Machine Learning further improves the efficiency of logistics and transportation networks.
  • It also aids in building preventive maintenance, thereby lessening the equipment breakdowns and increasing profits.
  • Machine Learning can also be extremely useful in collecting consumer data to analyse customer profiles. This, in turn, will maximise sales and improve brand loyalty.

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Application of Median Using R And Python: Calculating Median On the Go

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Application of Median Using R And Python: Calculating Median On the Go

This blog is in continuation of STATISTICAL APPLICATION IN R & PYTHON: CHAPTER 1 – MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY and takes you through a comprehensive way to calculate the Median in R and Python.

The term ‘Median’ is derived from the Latin word – ‘Medius’ means the center of something. In mathematics, Median is treated is that unique observation which would divide your data set into two equal halves.

If you are still unclear about Mean and/or seeking easier ways to calculate Mean using R & Python, then check APPLICATION OF HARMONIC MEAN USING R AND PYTHON and CALCULATING GEOMETRIC MEAN USING R AND PYTHON.

Median is special because unlike its rival, the Mean, Median is not ridiculed by the curse of extreme values. To illustrate the curse of extreme values, we bring you the following example:

Imagine I had the following data about the average annual salaries:

In Lacs

8.5
9
11
7
8
8.5
36

The mean of the above data set is: 88/7 = 12.57 lacs.

Whereas, to get the median we would have to first arrange the data into ascending order and look for the midpoint of my data i.e.,(1/2 + n/2)th observation. Where “n” is the number of observations.

The median would then be:

7
8
8.5
8.5
9
11
36

Median is the 4th observation, which is 8.5 lacs.

Looking at the mean and median, it would be fair to conclude that median is the better choice to accurate summarizing the data set whenever extreme values are present. However, this may be a crude generalization which should be taken with a pinch of salt. Despite its flaws, the mean still has statistical properties used in predictive analytics which the median lacks.

Application:

A construction company gave wages to their 10 labor (Let name A to J)  as a weekly basis, the wages are 2000, 2100, 1900, 2150, 2500, 2450, 1800, 2600, 2200, 2300. Compute the Median wages of the construction company.

Sr.NoLaborsWages (Weekly)
1A2000
2B2100
3C1900
4D2150
5E2500
6F2450
7G1800
8H2600
9I2200
10J2300

Calculation Median in R:

Python Certification

The Median wage is 2175, calculate in R.

Calculate Median in Python:

Create a data frame of the data in Python.

R Programming Certification

Now, calculate Median in Python.

R Programming Certification

The Median wage is 2175, calculated in R.

This concludes the post. If you have any queries with regards to this post, you can reach us at Dexlab Analytics. Furthermore, you can also look up for interesting and quality courses of R Programming Certification, Python Certification. Also, you can enroll with us for our combined courses of Data Science with Python Certification, Deep Learning and AI using Python, among others. So, hurry up and grab the best course!

 

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A Discussion About Artificial Intelligence: Closer to Them

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A Discussion About Artificial Intelligence: Closer to Them

No need to introduce Artificial Intelligence nowadays, with the massive popularity that is shooting it forwards. Moreover, with the rigorous research and development from the technical giants and the best minds of the era at work on it, AI is progressing like never before.

Being the most mentioned technology in the present time, Artificial Intelligence, as we have checked it in the post A Discussion About Artificial Intelligence: Knowing AI Closely, has also surpassed both data and analytics, which are next in the race to emerge as the ultimate game-changer.

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Knowing AI

“AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs” to quote the words of Alan Turing. But since the days the Turing, AI has come an inexplicably long and hard way to be known as what it is.

AI is the technology which will eventually be experienced as computers with brains. Artificial Intelligence is dreamed to be equipped with human-like intelligence, behavioural patterns similar to humans and with the ability to exude emotional responses just like we do.

We spotted a significant development when IBM hosted the first human-AI debate through its Project Debater in the last post and also named the three kinds of AI. Here we will know them in details.

Though AI is just taking its baby steps and would be subjected under countless shaping and reshaping, it is presently of 3 types, the classification of which is on the basis of the tasks they perform.

Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)

Siri, Cortana, Alexa, Google Assistant, Google Translate and everything that surrounds us in our daily lives are grouped as ANI. This is perhaps the only kind of Artificial Intelligence that is successful and in perfect harmony with us in our digital world.

These AIs are primarily machine intelligence using Natural Language Processing (NLP). If you are interested in them, go for the peerless Natural Language Processing Course in Gurgaon right away. 

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

This type of AI is still not in existence. The Artificial General Intelligence are the AIs which will be almost as capable as humans in all the possible tasks. For this to be materialised, the human brain should be mapped correctly into an AI, which couldn’t be figured out till now. This is because we have not yet been successful in comprehending our brain and its actions completely. 

However, when this concept is realised and brought into existence, we should simply accept it straight away.

Deep Learning and AI using Python

Artificial Super Intelligence

This concept is still a possibility in the remote future. This is assumed to be in a time when the AIs would be more capable than their human creators. Everything including the comprehension of the human expressions, emotions, dreams and the cognition of them, should then be a child’s play for the AIs of this kind.

This may also construe that the ASI would be excelling us even in the circumstances that we fail, or are too fickle or fragile to handle. Spine-chilling isn’t it?

To read blogs like these and more, visit Dexlab Analytics.

 

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